Response to Jackson Crawford

 

Response to Jackson Crawford's YT video "Norse runes are not from Turkic runes":

The Orkhon inscriptions are a literary masterpiece; we cannot say they have no history. Based on the available evidence, their origins are currently based on the Issyk Kul inscription, which dates to the 5th century BC. The Issyk Kul inscription was read in Turkish. Over the centuries, Scythians, Huns, and Khazars—all Turkic tribes—mingled with the Scandinavians. The inscriptions of these communities are identical to the Orkhon inscriptions. They read the Svingerud inscription, which they consider the oldest Scandinavian inscription (50 BC-250/75 AD), as "idiberug," which is Turkish.

bek+(i, (i)t, (i)ş, (i)n, (i)l, (i)tir, ü, (ü)t ; üt "secret, hidden", (ü)r.

berk = solid, solid, hard

berk, bek = power, strength, strong, powerful

berkit, bekit = to bind tightly, to strengthen, to root = be(r)kü - (k/g)

berke = whip

berk+(it, le)

idi = owner - possessor; edi, äydi.

idiberug = the owner is berug (berug here is a name).

Usage in proper names:

Berdibeğ = 13th Khagan of the Golden Horde Empire (From history books)

Bergü = Generous, intelligent person. (From the Dictionary of İbn-i Mühenna - Ibn Muhenna)

Berginsenge (Uyghur Dictionary)

Berk = Solid (Divan-ı Luga't-it Türk by Mahmud al-Kashgari)

Berke = Third Khagan of the Golden Horde (From history books)

Berkiş = From the Kipchak-Cuman names (From history books)

Berkyaruk = Fifth Khagan of the Western Turkic Empire. Son of Melikşah, son of Alp Arslan. (From history books)

İdiberug, possibly similar to the proper name "İdikut, İdikurt";

İdikut = Title of the Uyghur Khagans.

/quote/

From the University of Oslo/link:

 - On the front face of the stone, eight runes stand out more clearly than other inscriptions. Converted into Roman letters they spell: idiberug. The ways of writing older inscriptions varied considerably and the language changed a lot between the time when these runes were carved and the Viking Age and the Middle Ages. Interpreting the messages on the stone is therefore a challenge.  “The text may refer to a woman called Idibera and the inscription could mean "For Idibera". Other possibilities are that idiberug is the rendering of a name such as Idibergu, or perhaps the kin name Idiberung. And there are other possible interpretations – as common with early runic inscriptions,” says Professor Zilmer. (...) “The stone has several kinds of inscriptions. Some lines form a grid pattern and there are small zigzag figures and other interesting features. Not all inscriptions have a linguistic meaning. It’s possible that someone has imitated, explored or played with the writing. Maybe someone was learning how to carve runes," says Professor Zilmer. There is still a lot of research to be done, but Professor Zilmer is certain that they will obtain a lot more valuable knowledge in the future about the early history of runic writing and the custom of making rune stones. - /end quote/

The conclusion I reached is the same as Prof. Zilmer's... but in Turkish.

Also, the "tamga" that corresponds to the eb/ev sound in the Orkhon inscription has the same meaning as in the Old Futhark inscription:

*ōþila-/*ōþala- = "heritage, estate, possession"

Greetings from Türkiye,

SB

Also : The origin of the runic scripture is Eurasia.The tribes on the direction of silk road saw the runic scripture in the eastern tribes,adapted it into their language,formed their scripture system. I believe that ; many Turkish runic tablet are seen in European countries,especially in Scandinavia.The tablets were in Turkish, somehow a forgetten or vanished dialect, written by nations that are assimilated in time or dissappeared and the tablets reach there during the Hunas age and after for any reason. - Mehmet Turgay Kürüm / link 

"The similarity between Futhark and Gokturk is so high that it is impossible to deny a close association." Carl J. Becker, A Modern Theory of Language Evolution, p 357-360

Issyk inscription, 5th c BC

By Zaur Hasanov (link to academia)

The name "Golden Man" deciphered by Zaur Hasanov, Azerbaijani scientist.

The name contained in the inscription on a silver bowl from the mound.

Scientist of Azerbaijan considers that the famous "Golden Man" from Issyk barrow in life called Syngly, the newspaper "Echo". Recall, "The Golden Man" so called remains of war or prince Saka, It was found in a burial mound on the shore of Issyk river in 1969.

Conclusions on behalf of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan Zaur Hasanov made after deciphering the inscription on a silver bowl, which among other things found in the mound.

"As demonstrated by the reading of the runic inscriptions of the Issyk barrow on the basis of phonetics Orkhon-Yenisey ancient Near Eastern characters, the inscription has a Turkic origin. The original inscription written as follows:

"Dört bul küz Sınglıyı ır - 

"Dünyanın dörd (küncü) tərəfindəki tayfalar Sınqlıya nəğmə qoşur", 

Uş yüz yığ anta ıçır - 

"Üç yüz ağlar gözlü and içir". 

And its translation is as follows:

"Four (angles) of the compass tribes Syngly sing.

Three hundred mourners oath to drink. "

And we were able to identify a number of grammatical, historical, including references to Herodotus and  "History of Han Chinese dynasty" as well as literary evidence, confirming the accuracy of the reading is the inscription."

According to him, the title "Golden Man" Syngly identical to the name divine blade "Ching-lu" which belonged to the Emperor of the Huns. This scientist says that, according to Chinese and Greek sources, Huns erected temples in honor of "Ching -lu" or "Syngly" in the form of an iron sword, set on a quadrangular platform on top of a hill. The inscriptions from the mound "Golden Man" tribes, surrounding the king, presented the figure 4 ( "Four corners of the tribes"), scientist noted.

Also, representatives of tribal alliance divided into three hundred. A vow drink - It means the rite of the Scythians, when blood is mixed with the wine in the cup, dipped to weapons and drink it as a secure contract.

Also, the historian noted that "Golden man" He belonged to the tribe, call themselves cuz (куз). "The Persians called all Scythians by name Saka closest to him Scythian tribe. The Russian science this people called Scythians. But I was able to establish, that in the Greek text the word skiff does not exist. This is a distorted version of the Russian. In Greek sources called Scythians cuz (куз) (skuzes-SB). The Assyrian and Babylonian inscriptions called Scythians-ish cuz (иш-куз)   and ash-goose (аш-гуз). (ishguz and ashguz - SB). As we can see, using the name of the people is the word Goose. Explanation Issyk inscription showed, themselves Issyk tribes also called themselves cuz. All of these names are identical to the name of Oguz "- noted the historian.

28.10.2014

(google translate from the link)

Имя "Золотого человека" расшифровал азербайджанский ученый

Имя содержалось в надписи на серебряной чаше из кургана.

Ученый из Азербайджана считает, что знаменитого "Золотого человека" из Иссыкского кургана в жизни звали Сынглы, сообщает газета "Эхо". Напомним, "Золотой человек", так назвали останки война или царевича саков, был найден в кургане на берегу реки Иссык в 1969 году.

Выводы о его имени сотрудник Института археологии и этнографии НАН Азербайджана Заур Гасанов сделал после расшифровки надписи на серебряной чаше, которую среди других вещей нашли в кургане. "Как показало чтение этой рунической надписи из Иссыкского кургана на основе фонетики орхоно-енисейских древних ближневосточных знаков, надпись имеет тюркское происхождение. 

В оригинале надпись записана следующим образом: 

"Dört bul küz Sınglıyı ır - 

"Dünyanın dörd (küncü) tərəfindəki tayfalar Sınqlıya nəğmə qoşur", 

Uş yüz yığ anta ıçır - 

"Üç yüz ağlar gözlü and içir". 

А ее перевод таков: 

"Четырех (углов) сторон света племена Сынглы воспевают. Три сотни оплакивающих клятву пьют". Причем нам удалось выявить целый ряд грамматических, исторических, включая ссылки на Геродота и "Историю китайской династии Хань", а также литературных свидетельств, подтверждающих достоверность именно такого прочтения надписи", - сказал он.

По его словам, титул "Золотого человека" Сынглы идентичен названию божественного клинка  "Чинг-лу", который принадлежал императору всех хуннов. При этом ученый отмечает, что, по данным китайских и греческих источников, хунны воздвигали храмы в честь "Чинг -лу" или "Сынглы" в виде железного меча, установленного на четырехугольной площадке на вершине холма. В надписи из кургана "Золотого человека" племена, окружающие царя, представлены цифрой 4 ("племена четырех углов"), отмечает ученый. Также представители племенного союза делятся на три сотни. А клятву пьют - означает обряд скифов, когда в чаше кровь смешивают с вином, погружают туда оружие и пьют ее в качестве закрепления договора.

Также историк отметил, что "Золотой человек" принадлежал к племени, называвшему себя куз. "Персы называли всех скифов сака по названию наиболее близкого к ним скифского племени. В русской науке этот народ называют скифы. Но мне удалось установить, что в древнегреческих текстах слова скиф не существует. Это искаженная русская версия. В греческих источниках скифов называют куз. В ассирийских и вавилонских надписях скифов называют иш-куз и аш-гуз. Как мы видим, основой названия этого народа является слово гуз. Расшифровка Иссыкской надписи показала, что сами иссыкские племена также называли себя куз. Все эти названия идентичны названию огузов", - отметил историк.

**

By Elshad Alili

2600-year-old Issyk Inscription.

Two lines of Saka inscription that changed view on the history of the Türkic people

The oldest inscription in Türkic alphabet, the Issyk Inscription, written on a flat silver drinking cup, was found in 1970 in a royal tomb located within Balykchy ( Issyk), a town in Kyrgyzstan near Lake Issyk, and was dated by 5-th c. BC.

In the tomb was a body of a man dressed from head to toe in magnificent attire, the clothes, jacket, pants, socks, and boots all had a total of 4,800 attached pieces of pure gold, greatest ever found in a tomb except Pharaoh Tutankhamen. 

The top of the cone-shaped crown covering ears and neck carried golden arrows emblem. A sword on the belt right side and a knife on the left were in sheaths. Beautiful relief ornaments of animal art decorated shields, belt and front of the hat. Radiocarbon tests determined the age of the finds as belonging to the fifth century BC. 

What was the world in the 5-th century BC? 

We have archeological discoveries, where dating is almost always somewhat speculative, and reconstructions of the ancient Greek maps, and the views of the Mesopotamian and Chinese records. 

From the Mesopotamian, Chinese, and Greek texts, from the archeological discoveries of the kurgans, from the written monuments, we get a glimpse of the nomadic nations of the Central Asia in the 5-th c. BC. The various interpretations of the graphics and contents of the inscription witness the paucity of the finds and the potential for the studies.

The difficulties in interpreting the same spelling are not staggering, all researchers working with texts not broken into words encounter them, and the task is complicated by the absence of vowels even if the modern language is known and a scribe is perfect, the bsncfvwls can be parsed quite differently, in addition to the “absence of vowels”. 

On another hand, with the today's capabilities, we can generate a list of possible options in seconds, given that we know most of the consonants, and have appropriate dictionaries and algorithms. This is, of course, applicable to any text with partially known phonetics, like the phonetized record of the Hunnic phrase. We should welcome the fact that the discussion finally broke off from the closeted bounds to the public review on the Internet.

And at last, the contents of the inscription finally fall within the known Türkic ethnological tradition of raising a leader to a throne, be he styled Shanyu or Khan or whatever: the chalice deposited with the Prince and its inscription appear to be the ceremonial cup he used to swear his oath of office during coronation, before being raised on a felt carpet and carried prescribed number of times around the Assembly of representatives. The departed was given his chalice, along with all other travel necessities, for the arduous travel to the other world.

by Elshad Alili / link

Scandinavians and Turks / link

Etymology of Haakon and Earl is Turkish / link

Don't underestimate the power of Turkish and History of Turks

;)

SB

Words of the Ancestors

 

(K/Hotanese, Cyrillic and Russian is absolutely impossible)

Altay Amanjolov "Ataların Sözleri"(1982) "Words of the Ancestors"

Аманжолов А. С. (Altay Sarsenuly Amanzholov), Kazakh Turcologist

After all these researches, we can mainly focus on the following questions: ‘In which epoch did the Old Turkic script appear?’ and ’How long did this writing tradition last? To what extent are the recent assumptions that the emergence of the Turkish alphabet dates back to the V century correct? In the last twenty years, written evidence has been found that can give a complete answer to all these questions.

F.K. Arslanova, one of the archaeologists who decided to solve the mystery of the ancient kurgans on the left bank of the Irtysh River, started excavation work in 1960. In the course of research on the whole set of signs and insignia of the kurgans found near the village of Bobrovoye in Pavlodar region, which all archaeologists are talking about, he took the kurgans back to the Saka period, to the V and IV centuries BC. In it were found various artefacts, the remains of the hero, his horse and a bone amulet attached to the horse's girth. The bone amulet was carved in the shape of a roe deer (maral). From right to left it reads as follows : 

AK MARAL ["Ақ сықын" — "Ақ марал"; "Ak sikyn" - "Ak geyik (White Deer)"]

The runic inscription on the amulet shows that the writing of the distant ancestors of the nomadic tribes speaking Old Turkic was the writing system of the Sakas. This inscription clearly proves the incorrectness of the previous estimate that the runic script appeared among nomadic tribes in Southern Siberia and Kazakhstan only in the fifth century, and furthermore, it shows that this alphabetic script was in use a thousand years before this date. In 1970, at the foot of the mountains around the Ili river, near the city of Esik, a voluminous kurgan [#Issyk] dating back to the Saka period (V.-IV centuries BC) was excavated. One of the excavators was K.A. Agishev. The #kurgan contained a headdress of a warrior dressed in gold, a golden dagger and a machete, several plates and a small silver bowl with some incomprehensible cryptic figures resembling runic writing. Twenty-six runic symbols were engraved on the outer surface of the small silver bowl in two rows. 

The first row of signs on the silver bowl resembles the Old Turkic runic signs, while the second row resembles the alphabet signs of the Mediterranean region (especially the Ancient Greek and Aramaic letters). In the Old Turkic language, we have written this inscription from right to left; 

‘Brother, you can have a heart! Strangers can obey! Even the food can be plentiful!’. [‘Аға, саған (бұл) ошақ! Бөтен (жат ел адамы) тізеңді бүк! Халықта азық-түлік (мол болғай!)!’"Brother, (this) is a hearth for you! Kneel to a stranger (foreigner)! Let the people have food (abundance!)!"]

This Old Turkish inscription from the #Saka period firstly shows that when a person opens up to the outside world and life, he will need various items; secondly, it shows the determination of the people to overcome enemies; thirdly, it expresses the desire of a people who strive for success and happiness.

The great value of this writing is the following: It proves concretely that the language of the Saka tribes who settled in the territory of Kazakhstan in ancient times was the Old Turkic language. Moreover, it proves that the traditional view that the first nomads on the territory of #Kazakhstan did not have any form of writing is unfounded; it also demonstrates the fact that 2500 years ago the Turkic-speaking tribes knew and widely used alphabetic writing.

As a result, it is an indisputable fact that the Old #Turkic runic script comes from the same source as the script of our distant ancestors and has been used for 1500 years.

(İNG.çeviri SB)

Bütün bu araştırmalardan sonr, ağırlıklı olarak şu sorular üzerinde durabiliriz: "Eski Türk yazısı hangi çağda ortaya çıkmıştır?" ve "Bu yazı geleneğinin ömrü ne kadar sürmüştür?. Türk Alfabesinin ortaya çıkışının V.yüzyıl olduğunu belirten, son zamanlara değin söylenmiş olan varsayımlar gerçekte ne derece doğrudur? Son yirmi yılda bütün bu sorulara tam bir cevap verebilecek yazılı bir kanıt bulundu.

İrtiş nehrinin sol yakasında yer alan eski kurganların gizemini çözmeye karar veren arkeologlardan biri olan F.K. Arslanova, 1960 yılında kazı çalışmalarına başladı. Bütün arkeologların üzerinde konuştuğu Pavlodar bölgesindeki Bobrovoye köyü yakınlarında bulunan kurganların işaret ve nişanlarının bütünü üzerinde yapılan araştırmalar sırasında o, kurganı tâ Saka dönemine, MÖ V. ve IV. yüzyıllara götürdü. İçinde, ait olduğu çağın gizemini taşıyan elyapısı değişik maddeler, kahramandan arta kalan eşyalar, atı ve atının gem kayışı üstüne tutturulmuş kemik bir nazarlık bulunmuştur. Kemik nazarlık bir karaca (maral) şeklinde oyulmuştur. Bunu sağdan sola doğru şu şekilde okuruz : 

AK MARAL ["Ақ сықын" — "Ақ марал"; "Ak sikyn" - "Beyaz geyik"]

Nazarlık üzerindeki runik yazı, Eski Türkçe konuşan göçebe kavimlerin uzak atalarının yazısının, Sakaların yazı sistemi olduğunu gösterir. Bu yazı, runik yazının Güney Sibirya ve Kazakistan'daki göçebe kavimler arasında, ancak beşinci yüzyılda ortaya çıktığı yolundaki önceki tahminin yanlışlığını açık olarak ispatlar, dahası bu alfebetik yazının bu tarihten bin yıl önce kullanımda olduğunu gösterir. 1970'te, İli nehri çevresindeki dağların eteğinde, Esik kenti yakınlarında yer alan, Saka dönemine kadar uzanan (MÖ V.-IV. yüzyıllarda) hacimli bir kurgan kazıldı. Kazı işini yönetenlerden birisi de K.A. Agışev'ti. Kurgan'ın içinde altın giysili bir savaşçıdan arta kalan bir başlık, altın bir hançer ile pala, çeşitli tabaklar ve üzerinde runik yazıyı andıran anlaşılmaz bir takım şifreli şekillerin bulunduğu küçük gümüş bir tas bulunmuştur. Küçük gümüş tasın dış yüzeyine işlenmiş olan yirmi altı tane runiğimsi sembol, iki sıra halinde yazılmıştır. Gümüş tasın üzerinde yer alan ilk sıradaki işaretler, Eski Türk runik işaretlerini andırmakta, ikincilerse Akdeniz bölgesindeki (özellikle de Eski Yunan ve Arami harflerine) alfabe işaretlerine benzemektedirler. Eski Türk diliyle biz bu yazıyı sağdan sola olarak, 

"Kardeş, bir kalbe sahip olabilirsin! Yabancılar itaat edebilir! Hattâ ki erzak bereketli olabilir!", diye çevirebiliriz. ["Аға, саған (бұл) ошақ! Бөтен (жат ел адамы) тізеңді бүк! Халықта азық-түлік (мол болғай!)!""Kardeşim, (bu) sana bir ocak! Bir yabancıya (yabancıya) diz çök! Halkın yiyeceği (bolluğu!) olsun!"]

Saka döneminden kalma bu Eski Türkçe yazı ilk olarak, bir insanın dış dünyaya ve yaşama açıldığı zaman çeşitli eşyalara ihtiyaç duyacağını; ikinci olarak, halkın düşmanların hakkından gelinmesi konusundaki kararlılığını gösterir; üçüncü olarak da başarı ve mutluluk için çabalamış olan bir halkın isteğini anlatır.

Bu yazının büyük değeri şudur: Eski çağlarda Kazakistan arazisinde yerleşmiş olan Saka kavimlerinin dilinin Eski Türk dili olduğunu somut olarak kanıtlamaktadır. Dahası Kazakistan topraklarındaki ilk göçebelerin hiçbir yazı türüne sahip olmadıkları şeklindeki geleneksel görüşün temelsiz olduğunu da kanıtlar; ayrıca 2500 yıl önce Türkçe konuşan kavimlerin alfabetik yazıyı bildiği ve yaygın şekilde kullandığı gerçeğini ortaya koyar.

Sonuç olarak, Eski Türk runik yazısının uzak atalarımızın yazısıyla aynı kaynaktan geldiği ve 1500 yıldan beri kullanıldığı su götürmez bir gerçektir.

Altay Amanjolov "Ataların Sözleri"(1982) "Words of the Ancestors"

[TR çeviri Mehmet Ölmez, Erdem Dergisi, cilt 5, sayı 15, Eylül 1989,sayfa 797-802]

Tuva'da SynnChyurek-Arjan Kurgan ve Taşbabaları

#Turkish #Scythians #Sacae #Turks

Scythians and Turks - Stone Statues

 

Tashbaba/Balbal from Scythian and Turkish Khaganate (Göktürk) Periods.

* Balbal (Tr.of ety.), represents the enemy, even if it is from an other Turkish tribe. They are simple and without an oath cup.

* Tashbaba (Tr.of ety. Taşbaba=Stonefather) with oath cup, represents the Leader/İl (El)başı/Kağan.

These are also one of the material proof, that the "Scythians" and "Turks" are kinsmen. Because the "Indo-Iranians" doesn't have this culture/tradition, neither does the Mongolians !

Turks - Altai

Korsika'daki Balbalın Deniz İnsanları dedikleri "Ege Göçleriyle" gelenlerden kaldığını düşünüyorlar. Bu durumda Pelasgların arasında sonradan Kimmer olarak anılan boylar da olmalı. Hatta Çingiz Garaşarlı Etrüsklerin arasında Kimmerler olduğunu belirtir. Böylece niye hem Korsika'da, hem de Altay ve Doğu Avrupa'da aynı tip taşbabalar olduğunu anlayabiliriz.

Filitosa V - Corsica/link

They think that these belongs to the people who came with "Sea People". In that case, these statues belongs to Pelasgians (Sea Saka/Sacae) or Cimmerians. We do know that among the Etruscans (NON-IE) there was also Cimmerians in Italy at that time, so there must be also Cimmerians among Sea People.

That's why the similarty Altai (Turks) - Corsica (Filitosa V)

From France / Aveyron /link

Cuman Turks - 12th-13th c (Ukraine?)

On one of the statue has a quiver and a metal belt buckle... So these are from the Cimmerian/Scythian period, and doesn't belong to Celts or Germanic people. We see also in Germany such statues, but that does not mean it belong to the Germanic people ! They didn't even had a name as Germanic at that time and it is not even Indo-European of etymology! Besides, some Cimmerian tribes are written as Germanic tribe in Tacitus (Gambrivi). The Basques (Euskal, Euskara) for example, are one of the NON-Indo-European people in France, who came from Caucasus İberia, which was interactive with the Cimmerians and Scythians. (Basque language is agglutinative language, so NON-IE. And there are many words shared with the Karachay-Balkar Turkish.)

You can also look at Anatole A. Klyosov works

Germany and Italy (below) / link

Even the word "menhir" is not etymologyical Indo-European, it is Turkish, It was written in Orhun inscriptions as "Mengü" (with m>b also as Bengü, meaning "eternal memorial stone") = Mengü > Menghur > Menhir.

It is important to follow it in time with the question "Who continued this culture/tradition?" !

Turkish Balbals/Tashbaba

Did the European tribes (such as Franks) continued this in AD times? No, they did not... But Turkish tribes did... Such as; Turkish Khaganate (Göktürks), Huns (mostly Ak-Hun, i.e. Hephthalites, which the word was derived from the other name of the White-Huns = Abdaly > Hapdalit > Hephthalites ), Avars and Kipchaks (Polovets)-Cumans, etc. And some, not many, other nations did borrowed this tradition/culture, but did not continued or they were mixed with the Cimmerian/Scythian people. Because it was a strange culture/tradition for others. Even at the end of the 19th- beginning 20th c AD in Turkiye, we have many Tashbaba or Balbal to be seen.

Altay (Altai) - Turkish kurgans and Tashbaba/Balbals

The political pressure back in time on Turkology in the USSR (mass arrests, imprisoning, killing the Turkology scientist, scholars, changing the names of the tribes/nations, and not using the word "Turk" - link), doesn't work anymore, and definitely not the pressure of the "Westernes" who took this "erasing" idea over form the USSR ! "Westernes" are not the authority to write "the history of the Turks"! Turkish scientist are the authority of their own history! Because many do not know wat "Artuk, Selçuk, Kıpçak or Memluk" is, if the Westerner writes "Artuq, Seljuk, Polovets or Mamluk" without the word "Turk" in his book or article. But we do know immediately, when a scholar write "Artuk, Selçuk, Kıpçak or Memluk", that they are one of the Turkish tribes, we do not need the word "Turk" extra next to the word "Kipchak" for example !... And please don't underestimate the history of the Turks, be open minded... maybe one of your ancestor comes from one of these Turkish tribe that I mentioned before... 

Semra Bayraktar (SB)

Scythians-Turks

The continuity of art and culture/tradition is the Social DNA of the nations.

Not "Turkic", but "Turk"

Turcae - Turks - Scythians

Kazakh Prof. Salkaroğlu /Turks-Scythians

Turks - Scandinavians/Vikings

Turks

Scythians-Turks

Franks?

Ancient Turkic sculptures Altai 2

It is translated by google from Russian Language

USSR Academy of Sciences 

SIBERIAN BRANCH 

Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy

VD KUBAREV

Ancient Turkic sculptures Altai 

CHAPTER 3

Funeral FACILITIES

Ancient memorial buildings have received in the scientific literature the name of the ancient Turkic memorial fences, are inextricably linked with stone sculptures. In the Altai all the statues, not shifted from the original sites are always in these fences. Many fences instead of the statues on the east side there are one or two stone stelae, sometimes a boulder. And in the eastern direction from the fences, as well as from sculptures, stretch rows of small, vertically set stone-balbals. Altai fences themselves are almost identical in size and built on one principle. It podkvadratnye or rectangular area formed posed on the edge of the plates. Inside the fences are usually stone zabroska of large boulders or small pebbles. Such fences author knows the Altai over 2000. But there are many more - many thousands, and so it is hardly ever possible to give an exact figure.

One of the first ancient Turkic fences Altai investigated WWRadloff. In May 1865 they have a four fences have been excavated. Ongudai ( "Angodayskaya mission") and in June of the same year - four fences on the river. Tobozhok Chui steppe (the neighborhood with. Kosh-Agach) [KOSH-AGACH is Turkish KOÇ-AĞAÇ=RAM-TREE-SB]. "Under stone slabs one of them found a steel shovel, and under the two other fragments of iron knives ... When I dug them 1 more rectangular mound and found under stones, deepen 1/4 yard for the mainland, a small wooden trough with 4 knife and encompasses the tail bone lamb lying in the order of "1 in the same 1865 WWRadloff unearthed four fences have to. Katanda, which found only iron bits and knife 2.

In 1916, A, B. Adrianov the first time in the Altai excavated fences from stone statues on the river. Kara-Kaba 3.

Systematic studies of ancient Turkic fences were launched in 1924-1925 gg. Altai expedition ethnographic department of the Russian Museum, led by Rudenko, with the participation of N. Glukhov. A characteristic feature of this work was to find out the purpose of the expedition members fences, their cultural identity. Obviously, for this reason, fences excavations were carried out in different areas of the Altai. The first two fences have been excavated in Pazyryk and two fences in Mesheylyke Aragol near the tract on the river. Large Ulagan. Especially surprising were the results of the excavations fences (4x4 m), located on the left bank of the river. Large Ulagan, 2.5 km below the confluence with the river. Balyktyyul. Inside the fences in the pit depth of 40 cm were found human bones, sheep, other than that (?) - The charred embers, tiny iron bits and stirrups, and buckle four arrowheads 4. In the same 1924 Rudenko excavate another fences in statues, but in Kosh-Agach district, on the river. Kokori (Kokorinka) 5. At the same time it works N. Glukhov unearthed four fences on Buguzune and Uzundashe (Uzuntale?) [UZUNDASHE is Turkish UZUNDAŞ or UZUNTAŞ = LONG STONE-SB], In the wilderness, and Saylyugemskoy ogradku on p. Chibilev 8. In the next field season 1925 Rudenko and A. Rluhov continued to work at the cemetery in early Turkic Kudyrge tract, where they also found a large group of fences (60), digging six of them in the same year 7. Materials excavation of these fences have been published only 40 years later AA Gavrilova, who in 1948 opened the cemetery in Kudyrge nine ancient Turkic fences 8. in his monograph AA Gavrilova first compiled all the information about the Altai fences, devoting a separate chapter to describe them. It examines issues related to the chronology and ethnicity kudyrginskih fences 9.

A series of fences in the Altai investigated LA Evtyuhova and SV Kiselev. So, in 1934, three fences have been excavated from the sculptures with y. Kulada on p. Karakol 10; in 1935 six fences with stone sculptures and a playground at. Kurai, in the tract and Tadila Totop; in 1937 he fences in with. Tuekta 12.

Analyzing the results of excavations at the fences, LA Evtyuhova one of the first finds the sacrificial nature of the considered structures, comparing them with the "burial" of Orkhon monuments 13 Turks,

In 1939, MP Gryaznov two stone fences were excavated with a string-balbals stones in patients with. Yakonur (Kan steppe). Despite the unexpected conclusion of the excavation of the author of these fences as funerary monuments, a significant contribution is a new method for studying the memorial structures proposed by MP Gryaznov 14.On is that the entire monument (including stones series) studied one common excavation. This is how the author of this study were able to identify some of the new details in the design of these interesting and original monuments of ancient Turkic period. 

Over the years, the Altai (Pazyryk, Bashadar) [PAZYRYK is like NOİN-ULA a TURKISH BURIAL-SB] continued excavations fences Rudenko. Like many of his predecessors, he is still sometimes called them "mounds" and often "square tiled graves." In one of these "mounds" under number 14 SI Rudenko discovered a small recess in which lay the bones of the forelimbs and the blade 15 horses.

A sacrificial mound (with coal-bed under the stone mound) and three fences on the river. Argut dug S. Sorokin in 1964, 16 fences with a few remnants of a vertically standing wooden poles in the center of the investigated A. Surazakova have to. Kuyus on p. Katun 17 and AS Vasyutin on p. Kyzylchin near p. Kokoro 18.

So, if you count the number of fences unearthed in the Altai, they would be no more than 70. They should add another 46 stone fences, studied Eastern Altai detachment IIFiF North Asian expeditions of the USSR. Of the 46 Altai fences 26 excavated by us in sculptures. Brief information about the fences with sculptures and drawings of finds placed in Appendix 19 of this work.

Thus, for the territory of the Altai we currently have about 116 data excavation of ancient Turkic fences. According to the materials not yet possible to give a complete comprehensive periodization ancient Turkic fences, but to identify the main types seem possible now. The first such attempt has been made at the time of AA Gavrilova. Of the total mass of the then little-studied ancient Turks Altai fences she identified two types: kudyrginsky and yakonursky. Taking the proposed AA Gavrilova typology of ancient Turkic fences Altai, we, in turn, based on the latest data obtained in the study of Eastern Altai fences, offer to extend the typology and supplement it with three new types.

Fig. 11. Plan and section of fences Yustyd type.

1 - fireplace over a hole number 4, 2 stone graters and horse teeth, 3 - pottery fragment, 4 - silver vessel, 5- weak fireplace with coals, 6 - pelvic bone of a horse, horse 7- teeth. 

So, among studied fences Altai It can be roughly divided into five types of ancient Turkic fences: 1) kudyrginsky submitted collective adjacent fences; 2) yakonursky - standing next to fences with statues or anthropomorphic steles; 3) Yustyd - single fences, structures, usually of four plates with the remnants of a tree trunk in the center and sacrificial vessels (Fig. 11 , 12 ); 4) ulandryksky - the stele or boulders, in the center of fences; 5) ayutinsky - special memorial fences ancient Turkic nobility, surrounded by a moat and shaft.

Fig. 12. Findings from Yustyd fences.

1 - silver vessel, 2 - drawing tamgas at the bottom of the vessel, pottery fragment 3-, 4-stone graters, 5-ceramic vessel.

[Extra: The GOAT symbol on vessel, is the Dynasty Symbol of GOKTURKS-TURKISH KHAGANATE-SB]

Of particular interest are the fences ayutinskogo type is open only in the south-eastern regions of Altai. The author is aware of ten such sites. The first memorial building was discovered and described by SS Sorokin 20. It is located on a high plateau Kypchyl, near the mouth of the river. Ayuty (left tributary of the R. Dzhazater). It includes two stone fences (dimensions 4,1h4,9 first, second - 4,7h4,3 m). Two stone statues were dug in the eastern side fences (198, 199), executed with great skill. Sculptures and fences surrounded subrectangular in terms of an earthen rampart and a moat (Table. XXXIII, -1). External dimensions 19h16 m construction, shaft width is 1.5 m, ditch depth of 0.6-1 m. To the east of the second sculptures (199) established a series of 46-balbals stones, at a distance of 250 m.

The second memorial monument of the same type of contact is open on the right bank of the river. Dzhazater just 2-3 km downriver from the above complex. It consists of three enclosures, arranged in a row along the line north - south. The first fences (north) is made up of plates, inside zabroska of boulders. In terms of a square, the dimensions 4x4 m. 0.2 m from a small sub fences (center) of the same construction as the first, but of smaller dimensions (1.5X Xl, 5 m). Third fences (south) to 0.2 second. Dimensions, structure and internal filling fences are similar to the third data of the first fences. In the first two fences on the east side of stone sculptures (203, 204). All three statues are surrounded by fences with earthen rampart and ditch, subrectangular plan (Table. The XXXIV, 1). External dimensions structures 15x x 9.5 m. Trench, which was taken from the earth for the application phase of the shaft has a width of 1 m and a depth of approximately 30-40 cm. From statues 1 (203) to the east it extends a series of low, vertically dug stones. It has 29 's. From the third fences managed to count eight stones.

The third and fourth memorial facilities are also in the Kosh-Agach district, in the valley. Cox. One of them in a small steppe Makazhan, on the right bank of the river. It is ogradku composed of four massive slabs. Fences Dimensions 2x2 m. It is surrounded by a square in terms of the shaft and a moat with external dimensions of 9x9 m. The eastern side of the shaft has a slide-passage width of about 1 m. To the east of a series of stone fences bars (17 pcs.) And small (1,2h1 2 m), additional fences altar. This building was excavated by us. On the outer sides of the plates fences found drawings of animals, tamga, and in the eastern plate slightly incised lines scheduled ornament oblique grid (table. The XXX, 3). In the corners of fences cleaned four pole-holes, and one in the center of fences. In all five pits remains of charred stakes diameter of 6-7 cm. The fences and around the horse's bones were found, and the sheep, and from the east side to the fences in a layer of turf were found fragments of stone izvaniya (185), under which stripped crushed ceramic vessel (Table . XXX, 4).

Other (fourth) structure open on the left bank of the R. Cox, in the tract Bogolok. It fences, made up of 11 panels. Its dimensions are 5x5 meters. It is surrounded by an earthen rampart and ditch, subrectangular plan (12x8 m). The shaft has at the corners, passages breaks. In one passage in the shaft there are the northern and southern side. The width of each of 90-100 cm. On the eastern side of the fences is a broken stone statue (Table. XXXII, 194).

The fifth, sixth and seventh memorial constructions of ancient Turkic nobility discovered by the author in 1978 in the valley. Buguzun originating from the spurs of the border with Tuva Shapshalskogo ridge. Two monuments are located on the right bank of the river in the tract Maltalu. One of them, perhaps the most interesting in design, excavated by us in the same year (Table. XLI, 7).

The sixth building is just 0.7 km north-east of the excavated fences. It consists of two small (the size of the first 2,2h2,2 m, second-1.6x Xl, 6 m) fences close to the fences Yustyd type that is made up of four massive slabs each. Both fences are surrounded by a common shaft and a moat (12 X XlO m). Val paved with pebbles and small boulders, trench depth of not more than 30 cm from the surface. The shaft on the north and east side one pass, no statues, but on the east side fences traced two rows of fallen and most of the turf-covered stone-balbals.

Very unusual construction of the 7th, which also should be attributed to the ancient Turkic memorial complexes. It is located almost on the border with Altai Tuva, 6 km upstream from the mouth of the river. Tekel, on the right bank of the river. Buguzun. Arrange on a high terrace, and is a rectangular area (34h30 m), surrounded by a rampart and moat. At its center on the axis north - south three stone mounds. Central round shape with a diameter of 9 meters, the other two in terms podkvadratnye (size of the first 6 x 6 m, the second - 3,5h3,5 m) and remotely resemble blurred Ancient fences. The eastern side of the shaft has three break-pass. Tree height of about 1 m, is the same and the depth of the pit. Sculptures and balbals not. 

Eighth construction - probably in the Altai is the only one of its kind (Table XXXIX.). It is located just in the middle of the tract in the area Yang Dzhilykydal-Gobo and 10 km north-east from. Kokoro. Is a fence dimensions 13,5h13,5 m. On the eastern side of the fence lay a blank sculptures made ​​of solid plates with the image of the two zones, and almost indistinguishable animal figures. To the east of the fence balbals number, there were 57 stones at a distance of 220 m. Many stones in the series is lacking at the end of ring-shaped masonry with a diameter of 1.5 m.

From the findings of direct relevance to the time of the construction of the fence, it should include a miniature iron bits (Table. XXXIX, 3). They were found in, filling the sample from the north-west corner of the fence. Filling fence consisted essentially of plates stacked in layers 4-5. There were also huge shapeless lumps and boulders, gravel. In the upper part of the mound was nezadernovannoy most quartzite pebbles, small rolled up tiles. After the final sample filling fence capacity exceeding 1 m, it found that the interior space was paved with slabs and stones carefully fitted together. Especially clearly traced a pavement outside the fence, on the east side. Among the stone pavement, and mostly around the pit to the stele, found fragments of jaws and horse teeth, fragments of bones of other animals, as well as wood embers. In some places the stones and earth calcined, but hearths were found, except for a small spot of ash from the western edge of the pit under the stele-statue (Table. XXXIX, 223). After stripping and sampling of filling it became possible to calculate the total number of plates. They turned out to be 47 (12 plates in the northern and western sides of the plates 14 in the South and 9 boards in the east side). When stripping it was also found six pole holes located at an equal (1.5-2 m) distance from each other along the eastern side of the fence on the outside of the plates. The three wells found well-preserved remains of larch poles.

But the most unusual in the construction of the fence - the central pit, a little shifted to the north. Filled top to large boulders, rubble and slabs charred pieces of knotty poles, it contains a wooden likeness grobovischa, chopped paw of thin (thickness 2-3 cm) of larch planks. The long axis oriented to the south-east to north-west, it turned out to be completely empty inside. The heads (?) (South-east) the building was blocked by a massive slab, which had fallen into one end of the pits. The dimensions of the pit 245h170 cm, depth 110 cm, the size of "grobovischa" with his tight-fitting slabs (stone box?) 170h63h70 see.

The ninth construction is known to us on the left bank of the river. Bashkaus, 1-2 km from the. Ulagan. It is on the field, and the fan on all sides and, obviously, so reminiscent of the appearance of a large earthen mound. However, it is possible to distinguish between the moat and rampart subrectangular bulk form (20x16 m). In the center of the area deep (1.5 m) submarine pit and turf-covered emissions from it. In some places in the earth can be traced slate fence boards. According to him it failed to install fences around the dimensions equal to 8x8 m. We found a statue, but on the east side has a string of high stone stelae-balbals, numbering about a dozen stones. The shaft on the east side has a subtle pass. Same-reducing passages are in all four corners of the shaft. 

The tenth structure open contact on the left bank of the river. Aktru in Kurai steppe. It consists of two fences (4,5h4,5 each), surrounded by a rampart and ditch, with external dimensions of 22 x 18 m. On the south-eastern side of the fences two statues (114, 115) and rows of stone columns, balbals. Excavations in and around the fences revealed pits (25-35 cm in diameter with a depth of 50-90 cm) with the remains of wooden pillars (diameter of 18-20 cm and a length of the preserved part of 40-50 cm). Poles were framing the basis of small, square in plan, buildings burned in the final part of the "funeral" ceremony. 

From the objects found in the Altai fences, animal bones are found more often (horses and sheep), iron knives, harness objects (most other tiny bits ) and weapons, vessels and graters. Despite the apparent diversity of these items, you will notice a set of traditional cult. And, of course, many of these findings are inside enclosures is no coincidence, their purpose is quite understandable. It is clear that the iron knives accompanied by meat eating. It was almost always the rear of the sheep carcasses - teaching (. Dim), which is considered among the nomads for thousands of years the most honorable and traditional at the funeral rites. Meat (of which survived only sacral vertebrae lying in anatomical order) put on a wooden plate, tray or sheet of bark dish with meat and a knife was put in the northern part of the fences, inside stone boxes or at the bottom of a shallow oval pit, which is sometimes also served and symbolic hearth. So here some more and found the ash, charcoal and burned animal bones. The main argument for this assertion is the discovery of the dishes on the rivers Tobozhok (WWRadloff) and sculptures from Buguzun 229, 230. Exactly the same, but less than the various depressions or the remains of stone boxes marked with the bones of the sheep in the northern part of the Altai many fences, excavated by us in different years. The bones of a horse fences consist principally of forelegs, phalanges and hooves, skull fragments and even entire jaws. Due to the fact that they are found not only in the fences, he and beyond, it is possible to assume the hanging of heads of horses together with the skins, the front and rear legs. But maybe fences exhibited stuffed animals and horses? However, it is not entirely clear where, established in the center of the fences were stuffed, although it has been suggested by the author, and about hanging them on a special poles or tree. This, in particular, reported that the bones in the horse fences never found in anatomical order, but always scattered over a large area. 

It is possible to explain the presence in the fences and harness objects. Thus, a set of iron parts harness (Table. XLVIII, 3-5) from Yustyd fences with statue 244 unequivocally indicates that ogradku was necessary gear for a horse. The kit includes: iron bridle with cheek-pieces and two iron buckles (bridle); two iron stirrup, girth buckle and safety - (?) armored badges (saddle). All these items bear the signs of fire.

Of the subjects in arms fences found arrowheads, quivers details lining the bow n rare daggers, armor plates. We can therefore conclude that the fences occasionally put a bow and arrows, and in some cases, daggers and armor of the belt. Most likely, a quiver of arrows and a bow pritorachivalis to the saddle horse (in this case, it stuffed?), Belonged to the deceased, and then he also sacrificed 21.

Fig. 13. Figures on the plates of fences Kara Dyurguna (Altai).

Six different vessels found in the Altai fences. Two of them silver, and one of three ceramic iron. All of them, except for the broken iron boiler, were found on the east side fences at the base of the stone sculptures. Finding the wreckage of ceramic vessels from other statues (for example, 229 statues of Buguzuna have fences 1 of Yustyda et al.) Suggests that many of the Altai and statues stood before the sacrificial vessels.

CONCLUSION

Only a small part of the Altai sculptures preserved to date. There is no doubt that in the past were much larger. A large number are not extant sculptures could be made ​​of wood, as well as some of the Polovtsian statue 1. [POLOVTSİAN-POLOVETS-KIPCHAK TURKS-SB]

Many Altai fences are slabs or boulders anthropomorphic shapes, smooth surfaces which are most often facing general (front) side of the east might be drawn with paint facial features, clothes, weapons. Perhaps a similar tradition, originated in Central Asia 2, and inherited Polovtsian wizard is used for coloring statues of black and red paint 3.

In this connection it is necessary to pay attention to the material of some ancient Turkic sculptures. As a rule, especially lifelike figures of Altai, Tuva and Mongolia are made of limestone or white marble. Images of objects they hardly differ, merging with the stone background. Perhaps they were painted in ancient times, passing all the colors of the rich costume of noble Turks. And the color inks is easy to recover, based on the image of the Turks and Sogdians in the wall paintings of Penjikent and Afrosiab. [named after Turkish leader Afrasiab-Alp Er Tunga-SB] Interestingly in this respect the story, recorded by us in the Altai storyteller Culkin. He reported one stone sculptures, which saw in the taiga, called Togorok. From his description, it was one of the most realistic figures of Altai. On one side "stone warrior with a golden girdle," were depicted leather bag or container, painted in red color; on the other side hung a weapon in a gold sheath. Cup (chochay) was covered with silver paint. Statues were approximately in an area. Yelo. About him also knew two other old, one of whom died, and the other as if it were lost, had an accident. At the heart of the fabulous narrative Calkin may lie re-anye information about the ancient custom of coloring stone figures.

Altai sculptures are sometimes installed in groups of 4-5 to 13-17 pieces in one place. In particular, such places are known in the steppe Makazhan in tracts Keme-Quechua Kyrlandyn-Kini, rivers Ayuty, Chaganbur-gases in many other areas of the Altai. Next to them, as a rule, no, not only simultaneous burial structures, but also any other archaeological sites. Obviously, this was a small ancestral shrines, resembling the appearance of seasonal settlement of nomads. In such settlements, according to the ideas of the ancients, for a time lived the souls of dead relatives. Interestingly, on the same principle and are grouped early Scythian sculptures Altai - 4 deer stones, and later - Polovtsian statues 6. The latter researchers fixed deposits of rubble from the ritual structures are very similar in design to the ancient Turkic memorial fences in. GA Fedorov-Davydov SA Pletnev believe that it was a special sanctuary, arranged at a distance from their graves and dedicated to the cult of the ancestors. 

Our work is not considered semantics of ancient Turkic statues on the grounds that this question after a long discussion with confidence I decided in favor of the point of view of them as images of dead Turks themselves, rather than their perceived enemies. Therefore, if appropriate just here again to repeat the detailed arguments LR Kyzlasov 7, 8 JA Sher and other scientists have proven conclusively and consistently in his work all the inconsistency of the hypothesis of accessories statues of dead enemies. We can add to this that the question of the appointment of the bulk of the ancient Turkic sculptures, obviously, can be regarded as finally settled, taking into account the archaeological site of the Altai memorial structures and their firmly established interpretation. 

Thus, at the heart of the ancient custom install stone sculptures; widespread in many of the nomadic peoples of Eurasia, lays down common ideological iredstavleniya on family and tribal patrons. "It can be assumed, that such ideas goes back to the common outlook of Scythian tribes time constructed" deer stones "and laid the foundations of cultural and social unity of the Asian pastoral societies" 9. deer stones, statues of the Scythian warriors - have much in common from the ancient statues (similar orientation, the same material and a set of images, additional facilities memorial character, and so on. d.), as the author wrote in a recent paper 10. [Scythian - Sacae - Massagatea are Turkish Tribes, the evidence: language, same culture and traditions-SB- TURKİSH DEER STONES-LİNK]

We inadvertently touched another problem - the origin of the ancient Turkic sculptures. Many researchers have repeatedly pointed to a large chronological gap between the Scythian and Turkic statues. There have been attempts to construct genetic evolution of a number of stone sculptures from the Scythian times to the Middle Ages. Thus, according to LR Kyzlasov, a certain attitude to the origin of the ancient Turkic statues are known Tashtyk masks, which form a curious series: Tashtyk funerary masks - masks, busts standing - stone byustovye image (maloesinskogo type) - busts image with hands and the vessel ( Kesey type-tas) - Turkic stone sculptures in the form of a sculpture in the round. DG Savinov added that a number of new types of volumetric image of a man - "clay heads" typology occupy an intermediate position between the masks and sculpture. 

Among them, he highlighted the "head" of the mound number 6 Shestakovsky burial in the Kemerovo region. According to the reconstruction of the author's excavations AI Martynov, it belonged to a mannequin, set within a complex of burial structure. Last on some structural elements (area of ​​about-zhennoy clay roof remnants of birch bark, and others.) Resembles more recent ancient Turkic fences. Shestakov structure with "clay heads" (dummy) after a period of being burned. Similarly, burned and memorial buildings of the ancient Turks. Shestakovsky monument dates back to I in. BC. e. and can be considered one of the earliest cases of conservation of the late appearance of a certain period of time to carry out funeral rites and sacrifices p. Assuming that to the same time or a little later (IV c.) apply some facial 12 statues of Altai and Tuva, the olennymn chronological gap between the stones (which, incidentally, are also often topped with sculptures of human heads) and the ancient Turkic sculptures will be significantly reduced.

Among the interesting facts that can help oesheniyu problem of the origin of the ancient Turkic sculptures include familial separate memorial facilities. But if the famous sculptures of Hagan Kul-Tegin and his wife, the queen, perhaps, were terrestrial hypostasis divine married couple among the people of the world - Tengri Umai and 13, the other 14 monuments of Mongolia and Tuva 15: undoubtedly depict ordinary couples. As the phenomenon of the same order we should mention some of the statues of the Altai, on the left of which are set or two small Uneven stele (often with two rows balbals) many fences Altai, which is obviously also meant as fresh image of men and women. Pairing statues and steles from the ancient Turkic memorial structures, probably dates back to the ancient tradition of steam installation deer stones and stelae - one of the most characteristic features of Early Scythian sanctuaries Altai 16. Our conclusion is supported by the results of thorough research Polovtsian family and tribal sanctuaries, where often in the same building set two statues - for men and women 17.

On the origin and development of the ancient Turkic sculptures greatly influenced canonized images of Buddhist art, which to a large extent have been distributed primarily in Sogdian art. Old Turkic iconic canon "is rooted in Buddhist iconography, where every gesture has a certain meaning" 18, while maintaining their own, older stylistic devices. The iconic sculpture of the ancient Turks, in varying degrees, experienced the influence of Buddhism, Manichaeism, Mazdaism and develop the traditions of Sogdian art school, kept at the same time not only the shaman, but doshamanskie religious views. The latter shows produced by our reconstruction of the ancient Turkic memorial rite in individual terms, preserved in many Central Asian peoples. 

For example, one of the most recent monuments of this kind is the structure described GN Potanin in Mongolia on the lake. Dain-Gol. It is a "rectangular log building with a gable roof, inside of which is made of granite bust, on stylistic features closely resembling ancient Turkic stone sculptures. This sculpture was surrounded by" boards of the box ", and was stretched rope with the remains suspended it different before him sacrifices "19. in the graves of the Kazakh elite, until the XVIII century., constructed sacrificial fence square shape, probably derived from the ancient Turkic fences. In them, as in medieval ritual structures, the day of commemoration sacrificed to various animals 20. The stability of the ancient Turkic memorial ceremony and related custom installation of the late stone images show very generalized statue (head depicted in the form of a ball or separated by a horizontal bar at the top of the stele), established as gravestones at Muslim cemeteries in Central Asia and the Caucasus 21. Some Ancient art techniques have survived in the modern Altai sculpture. Especially expressive image of the human face in Eezi - ancestors of the shaman, the image which figures were inserted in the Altai drums 22.

Ethnicity Altai statues - one of the most difficult questions of archaeological research. Quite fruitful is the study of pictorial manner and realities specific to this or that statue, and in particular the comparison of the figures produced by the same master. Another AD Grach noticed that some stone figures from Tuva are identical in style and technique of execution Eastern Altai. The similarities noted by us and other groups of sculptures Chui (on the border with Mongun-Taiga district of Tuva). Therefore, probably right AD Grach, who claimed that the south-west of Tuva and Altai in the South lived compact ethnic group, and the border ridge Chikhacheva as the adjacent ridge Shapshalsky not served while the ethnic boundary. This group included the Turkic-speaking tribes known by Chinese chronicles under the name "tugyu". Another group drevnetyurkskph tribes, known as the "body", also inhabited the Altai. Part of the Altai sculptures undoubtedly left and these tribes.

Ancient statues of Altai as it linked the two centers of concentration of ancient sculpture: Central Asia (Mongolia, Tuva) and Central Asia (Kazakhstan, the Seven Rivers), which corresponded to the Middle Ages, the political borders of Eastern and Western Turkic khanate. However, the highlight among them a group of pieces, pinadlezhavshih specific tribes not currently possible. So far, we can only speak about the general ethnic categories. For example, argutskaya group differs from the bulk of the Altai statues more detail clothing, weapons, a kind of headgear. She prefers the East Kazakhstan statues (Kimak-Qypchaq ethno-cultural area). Other groups Altai statues again have their own local differences may be reflecting an internal ethnography of ancient Turkic khanates. Stone sculptures are one of the main archaeological sources on the ethnic composition of the population of the Altai in the ancient era. However, these data need to be supplemented by further research Orderly other medieval monuments of territory: settlements, burial sites, cave paintings.

Old Turkic memorial complex Gyor-You. Kubarev

Ancient cultures of the Altai and Western Siberia. Novosibirsk, 1978, pp 86-98.

Investigated ancient Turkic memorial complex is located in the 10-15 km from the village C. Kokoro (Kosh-Agach District, Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast), on a hill Gyor-You. Hill stretches from the western spurs Saylyugemskogo ridge, its length from B to Z reaches 6-8 km and a width of only 150-200 m Its configuration is subordinated to the general terrain.; He also lowered and extended to the west as Uzuntalskaya steppe. Almost in the middle of the hill it is arranged memorial complex consisting of 4 ancient Turkic fences erected along the line U-C. Except for one mound located on the B of fences and other archaeological sites on the hill there. At the foot of the hill in the South of fences located modern Altai cemetery. On the east side of the fences II set strongly weathered statue of white stone (Fig. 1). 

It is known from Telengits called Ak-Tash [AK-WHİTE / TASH-STONE-TURKISH-SB] was discovered SI Rudenko in 1924 and then published in the LA . Evtyuhovoy  [1] Dimensions sculptures -. 142x50x12 cm On In 11 from it are a number of stones in the dug-balbals average height of 20-40 cm Last balbal set 172 meters from the sculptures..Two Balbala delivered and the east side fences I. In the eastern fence panels of the same fences, outside, symmetrically laid out two stone heaps ( about ) of rounded river pebbles (Fig. 3). Weak zadernovannost evidence of their late origin. East fences III sticking a broken one balbal. 

VD Kubarev

Statue from the river Jara Yam.

// Problems of conservation, study and use of the cultural heritage of the Altai. Barnaul, 1995. pp 158-162.

It was ten years after the publication of the summary of ancient Turkic statues Altai ( Kubarev 1984 ). During this time a number of new articles and posts, dedicated both to the stone statues (Mamadakov, 1985; Kubarev, Coche, 1989; Larin, Surazakov, 1992; Khudyakov, Borodovskii, 1993 and others.) And memorial structures (Vasjutin, Ilyushin , Elin, 1985; Surazakov, 1985, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1993; Iliushin, 1985, 1992; Ermolenko, 1991; Mogilnikov, 1992; Soёnov V. Soёnov M., 1992). Several papers also devoted to stone sculptures and ancient Turkic fences Tuva and Mongolia (Ovchinnikov, 1992; Fedorov, 1991; Voitov, 1986, 1989, Bayard, 1991).

Despite the fact that much of the stone sculptures of Central and Middle Asia have been published, each season brings new field discoveries. So, for example, recently found a typically Turkic burial and memorial complexes in the Southern Urals (Kostjukov, 1994), Kyrgyzstan (Tabaldiyev, Soltobaev, 1992), and memorial constructions in the Ob-Irtysh forest (Adams, 1992). New materials make researchers to reopen discussion on the appointment of stone statues and memorial structures

ANCiENT STATUES OF ALTAi

[TURKISH STATUES]

*

"According to Herodotus Gelonus was the capital of the Scythian tribe Budini"

"Budini Gelonion urbem ligneam habitant. iuxta Thyssagetae Turcaeque vastas silvas occupant alunturque venando." 

Book 1:117 Pomponius Mela (died 45 AD) Roman Geographer

"The Budini inhabit the city of Gelonos. Next to them the Thyssagetae and Turcae occupy endless forests and feed themselves by hunting." Book 1:117 Mela

"Unter 'Türken', - früher oft auch 'Torken' geschrieben - haben wir durchaus nicht die Osmanen von heute zu verstehen, die erst im mittelalter Europa betraten, denn das von ihnen dermalen bewohnte gebiet hiess schon so Vor Christi Geburt, wie dies eine Stelle aus Melas schriften beweist: "Budini Gelonion urbem ligneam habitant. iuxta Thyssagetae Turcaeque vastas silvas occupant alunturque venando." - Die Slaven, ein Urvolk Europas by Martin Zunkovic (153) eng.[Under 'Turks', - previously often written 'Torken' - we have no means to understand the Ottomans today who entered only in medieval Europe, because the dermal of them inhabited area was called already so before the birth of Christ, as a point of Melas regulations proves:..]

TURCAEQUE = TURCAE = TURK

Who says that the Turks appear first at the 11th century AD in Turkey (Asia Minor)? Or who says that the word "Turk" appears first at the 5th-6th c AD in Chinese chronicles? WHO? 

look for Turukku 20th c BC, the first word "Turk". Tur and Tar words are the root words of Turk. Turks are the native inhabits of Turkey and Middle East. This is our Homeland. Some of Turkish tribes went first to east then some of them came back, as Seljuk of Oghuz Tribe.  Oghuz (Oğuz) like Oxus River in Strabo geography. Or As Turks as in Asia.

Without the Turks, you can not write History.

Even "Budini" and "Gelon" tribes are Turkish-Scythian Tribes

We say "TÜRK BUDUN" Budun means "nation, people", Budin=Budun

("Turk" has preserved its ethnic meaning at some fragments "Turk Budun" to the present. - 

Monuments of ancient Turkic khanate VI-VIII centuries.Kyzlov,1979)

read also

Short History of Proto-Turks by Rustamkhanli Sabir

TURKISH CULTURE - TURKISH HISTORY