İçi boş tuğla mezar karoları, Luoyang, Henan Eyaleti, Çin
Doğu Han Hanedanı, MS 25-220
Han dönemi deseler de süslemeler Türk Sanatına aittir. Bu da sahibi Hun-Türk mü, sorusunu akla getirir. Çünkü Ho-han-yeh Tanhu döneminde (MÖ 1.yy) Güney Hun Türkleri Hanlara karışıp zamanla Çinleşmişti. Ancak mezar karolarında görüldüğü gibi Hun-Türkleri Çinleşmiş olsa da Hun-Türk kültür ve sanatını devam ettirmiş. Bu betimlemeler diğer Türk boyları ve özellikle Anadolu Türkleriyle de devam ettiği için, kim ne derse desin, Türk Sanatı binlerce yıl sürekliliğini korumuştur.
SB
NOT: 2016'da aynı damgayı Arizona'da bulmuştum
Liderliğini Ho‐han‐yeh’in kardeşi Sol Bilge Eligi Çi‐çi’nin yaptığı istiklal taraftarlarının fikirleri şöyleydi: “Hunlar cesareti ve kuvveti takdir ederler. Bağımlı olmak ve kölelik onlara en adi bir şey olarak gelir. At sırtında savaşmak ve mücadele etmek süratiyle devlet kuruldu. Kavimler arasında kuvvet ve otorite kazanıldı. Yiğit cengâverler ölünceye kadar savaşmalı ki, varlığımızı devam ettirebilelim. Şimdi iki kardeş, taht için mücadele etmektedir. Sonunda ya büyüğü ya küçüğü devlete sahip olacaktır. Gerçi şimdi, Çin bizden daha güçlüdür; fakat (bu durumda bile) Hun ülkesini ilhak edemez! Niçin kendimizi Çin’e bağımlı kılalım? Atalarımızın devletini niye Çinlilere devredelim? Bu, ölmüş atalarımıza büyük hakaret olur. Böylece, komşu devletler arasında gülünç duruma düşeriz. Evet, bu suretle (Çin’e bağlanmak) sükûnet tekrar tesis edilebilse bile, kavimler arasında yeniden üstünlüğümüzü elde edebilir miyiz? Biz ölsek de kahramanlığımızın şöhreti artacak. Oğullarımız ve torunlarımız daima devletin hâkimi olacaklar."
Ali Ahmetbeyoğlu // Hun Devletlerinin Kuruluş ve Çöküş Süreçleri, 2007
Turkish Warrior; "Turkish Shot" and Horse with "Knotted Tail"
Left: Tarskii Northern Ossetia,catacomb 6 (8th-9th c AD)
Right: Sulek- Khakasia (Hakasya)
Khazar Turkish Warrior - Belt, 8th-9th c.
"Turkish Shot" and his Horse with Knotted Tail.
Art and Culture of the Turkish Tribes.
South Hun-Turks
The Southern (Eastern) Hun-Turks assimilated and became Chinese over time.
A Turkish Warrior; "Turkish shot" and his Horse with Knotted Tail.
Tang Period, 7th c / Metropolitan Museum
(not a phoenix, but a rooster, and not China Culture! / Link for Seljuk Turks Period)
All hope of the resurrection of the Hunnish power, however, was completely wrecked by the internal revolutions which broke out in the Hunnish Kingdom just at this time. The Shanyu who ruled from 60-58 B.C., himself a usurper though belonging to the imperial family, proved so brutal and so unpopular a ruler that civil war broke out on all sides. Even after this particular ruler had been forced to commit suicide and the legitimate claimant (whose name, Huhansie, it is necessary for us to remember since he was later to play a very important part in history) was placed on the throne in 58 b.c., order was very far from being restored. By this time the Huns had become so accustomed to bloody battles between rival pretenders that it was difBcult for them to settle down once more under a unified rule. In fact, during the period 58-55 b.c., we find no less than five of the Hunnish princes setting themselves up as Shanyus and conducting bloody campaigns against one another.
By 55 B.C. Huhansie had succeeded in eliminating his four rivals; but no sooner had this been done than his own brother, Jiji by name, rose in revolt and succeeded in causing Huhansie untold embarrassment. Neither of the two brothers could win a really crushing victory over the other. Consequendy, for the next two decades Mongolia was divided into two separate kingdoms, which are usually known as the Northern and Southern Kingdoms. Jiji’s main strength was in the north, in what is now Outer Mongolia, while Huhansie was able to maintain control in the south or what is now known as Inner Mongolia.
The great cleavage of the Huns into northern and southern divisions reacted enormously to the advantage of China. As was to be expected, the Huns were kept so busy fighting among themselves that they had no chance to attack the Celestial Empire. Far more important was the fact that in 53 b.c. Huhansie, the lord of the Southern Huns, felt so hard pressed by his brother’s hordes that he convened a grand council of his nobles to discuss with them the question of seeking safety and protection by formally submitting to Chinese jurisdiction.
Most of the Hunnish nobles violently opposed the idea. “It has always been the custom of the Huns,” they said, “to admire spirited action and to despise servility. Mounted on their horses, they have always been ready to rush into battle without fear of death. For this reason their name and fame has been spread far and wide.
"At present, to be sure, there is a battle between older brother and younger brother for control of the Kingdom, but what matter is it if one or the other perishes as long as the imperial house goes on and provides rulers for our Empire.? Though China is strong, she has never been able to crush the Huns. For what reason, therefore, should we submit to Chinese rulership.? To do so would mean a break with all our traditions, would be insulting the spirits of our former rulers, and we would become an object of ridicule among all nations.”
One or two of the most intimate advisers of the Shanyu, however, spoke warmly in favor of offering homage to the Celestial Empire, approaching the matter from a realistic point of view. “Each country has a period of prosperity and a period of decline. At present we see that Chinese influence is everywhere predominant, reaching even to the Wusun and the city states of Kashgaria. For many decades the Huns have been on the decline, and at present there is no chance of restoring their fallen fortunes. In spite of all our exertions, we have experienced scarcely a single day of tranquillity. If we now bow to the inevitable and subject ourself to China, we shall have peace and quiet; if not, we shall continue in a state of danger and uncertainty.”
Although the notables in favor of the project were definitely in the minority, Huhansie himself was quite won over by their arguments and forced the others to agree to the plan. Moving southward at the head of his horde, he eventually came near to the Great Wall. From this point an envoy was sent to the Chinese court to announce the formal submission of the Huns and to ask that a time be appointed when the Shanyu might appear in person at the court to do obeisance.
When this envoy reached the Chinese court, there was much fuss and excitement. There was universal jubilation but also much controversy as to the treatment to be accorded the Shanyu when the time came for him to make his personal appearance. Should the Shanyu be forced to prostrate himself or be allowed merely to bow.? Should the Shanyu be ranked above or below the rulers of the various principalities into which China proper was still divided ? These and a hundred similar questions caused the ritual-loving Celestials great mental perturbation. At length the Emperor decided the matter to his own satisfaction. The Shanyu was to be treated as a friendly vassal, enjoying the privilege of a guest, and not as a conquered enemy. He was to be accorded precedence over all the other vassal princes; but, in addressing the Emperor, he had to speak of himself as “Your Servant.” He was not, however, to speak of himself by name. With reference to the last stipulation it should be remarked that in Chinese etiquette the use of one’s personal name in place of a personal pronoun is considered a sign of complete submission to the interlocutor.
As soon as all these weighty matters had been settled, it was possible for Huhansie to make his ceremonial visit to China. This visit took place during the New Year’s festivities in 51 b.c. and occasioned the display of much pomp and power on the part of the Chinese. The Shanyu was treated with every consideration in order to induce him to remain in vassalage to China. In addition he and his followers were given a large number of valuable presents. After all, the Huns had to be shown that it was well worth their while to submit to the Son of Heaven.
The question now naturally arises—what, in the meantime, had become of the rival Shanyu, Jiji, who had so long lorded it over Northern or Outer Mongolia? The answer to this query is an interesting one and throws much fight on contemporary events in many different parts of Central Asia. Ever since his brother and rival, Huhansie, had thrown himself upon the mercy of China (53 b.c.), Jiji had been in a quandary as to the best course of action to pursue. As long as Huhansie received Chinese support and protection, Jiji felt that his rival could not be really crushed in a military campaign. At first he hoped, by diplomatic means, to be able to loosen the tie between Huhansie and the Chinese. With this end in view, Jiji also entered into friendly relations with the Chinese court; and, though he would not formally declare himself a vassal nor come in person to the Chinese capital to do obeisance to the Dragon Throne, he sent his son to serve half as hostage and half as page in the Chinese court. Moreover, for several years thereafter he continued to send, at intervals, tributary presents to the Celestial Emperor.
But though Jiji’s son and other envoys from the Northern Huns were received in a friendly manner by the Chinese, the latter showed quite plainly that Huhansie and the Southern Huns, as avowed vassals, were their favorites. By 49 b.c. Jij'i had begun to realize that he would have to rely upon something other than diplomacy if he were to create for himself a really great empire. He determined to be a great conqueror even if he could not be a great diplomat.
Although Jiji’s original domain had been Northeastern Mongolia, it would seem as if he made no attempt to extend the boundary of his kingdom eastward. Common sense prevented him from marching southward and attacking the combined armies of China and his rival, Huhansie. Following an old ancestral urge, he determined to march westward and establish his headquarters in Zungaria and Turkistan. (...)
The westward migration of Jiji and the northern migration of Huhansie brought about a curious situation. For several years, the Huns had been divided into two kingdoms which we have called the Northern and Southern Kingdoms. After all this shifting of population, the two rival Hunnish Kingdoms continued to exist; but they can no longer be called the Northern and Southern Kingdoms but must now be referred to as the Western and Eastern Kingdoms, the one in Zungaria and Turkistan, the other in Mongolia.
McGovern,William Montgomery // Early Empires of Central Asia 1939
The Southern (Eastern) Hun-Turks
Footnote: Even in the 6th century Turks among Chinese
Empress Ashina (551–582), empress of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou. She was the daughter of Göktürk's (Turkish Khaganate) Muqan Khagan (Reign: 553-572) son of Bumin Khagan. Her brothers are Apa Qaghan and Yangsu Tegin/Tigin (Prince). Her husband was Emperor Wu.
Book; "They were Once Turk. Chinese Families of Turkish Origin" bu Kürşat Yıldırım, 2018
"The Effects of Turks on the Political and Cultural History of the Far East" by Prof. Dr. Alimcan Inayet (Journal of Turkish World Studies, Volume: VIII, Issue 1,2008)
"The number of Uighur Turks settled in different regions of the Tang/T'ang Dynasty reached hundreds of thousands. Thousands of Uighur Turk families settled in the capital Chang-an. Turks and Chineseized Turks had a great influence on many political and military activities during the Sui and Tang dynasties. Therefore, the lineage of the ruling dynasty of the Tang/T'ang Dynasty was also mixed with Turks. Of the 369 viziers in the dynasty, 36 were of Turkish descent. Tang/T'ang power relied heavily on foreign power."
"About Several Hun Ruler Kurgan and Tombs in China in the IV-V. Centuries" by Tilla Deniz Baykuzu, Ege Uni.TID,vol.XX,no:2, 2005
"The oldest Turkic kurgans found as a result of archaeological excavations are the Pazyryk and Noin-ula kurgans. Pazyryk dates to the III century BC and Noin-ula to the I century BC. The Huns lived and established states in vast territories from Southern Siberia to the steppes of Mongolia and from there to the interior of China. Therefore, it would be correct to look for the kurgans of the later periods of the Huns in these geographies."
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