Scythians - Turks

"In agreement with the results from the current study, eastern Scythian lineages were already shown to have a more widespread distribution among the contemporary populations and intriguingly almost exclusively among the Turkic-speaking populations, who are also spread over a substantial part of the Eurasian geography. It is also noteworthy that a relatively high level of matching was observed in both the maternal and paternal lineages of the two ancient Scythians from Ak-Alakha-1 site and contemporary populations from Anatolia.

This is despite the fact that the Ychromosomal haplogroup N and mtDNA haplogroup C are today observed at their highest frequencies in both contemporary and ancient east Eurasian populations. As in the case of the Pazyryk culture, there is ample evidence for genetic admixture of the eastern and western paternal and maternal lineages in the contemporary populations from Turkey along with an overall population continuity of the original Anatolian genetic stock...

 In other words, there is an apparent population continuity from the Scythians to the Xiongnu and then onto the Turkic people, possibly because the former two already bore proto-Turkic elements. Following the collapse of the Pazyryk culture, not all members of the community disappeared, but some seemingly formed the basis of a genetic continuity with the contemporary Altaians and other nearby populations in terms of both the paternal and maternal lineages...

Instead of simply disappearing upon the collapse of the Scythian culture, “the animal style” flourished over an even larger geographical domain, such as through the ethnic traditions of various Turkic peoples. Among the numerous examples are the re-appearance of the ever-popular Scythian symbolism attached with deer and deer antlers in the insignia of the KokTurk royal family, as well as ornamental motifs on numerous other artifacts from the associated period."

Matrilineal and Patrilineal Genetic Continuity of Two Iron Age Individuals from a Pazyryk Culture Burial

Dmitrii G. Tikhonov (1), Cemal Gurkan (2, 3), Gokce Y. A. Peler (4) and Victor M. Dyakonov (5)

International Journal of Human Genetics, Vol 19, N 1, March 2017 / PDF

In this study, geographic and linguistic distributions of contemporary and ancient matches with the paternal and maternal lineages of two individuals exhumed from the exemplary Pazyryk culture burial site of AkAlakha-1 mound 1 were investigated. Using the shared paternal and maternal haplotypes observed in both ancient individuals, extensive database and literature searches were conducted revealing numerous full matches among contemporary Eurasians, majority of whom speak Altaic Languages. Despite the current focus on the two Pazyryk individuals, a rare glimpse into the ancient migrations was gained through the discovery of paternal and maternal haplotype matches across an immense geography that spans from Yakutia to Turkey. In addition to a vast array of archaeological findings in such Scythian “frozen graves” across Central Asia, accumulating archaeogenetic data are expected to shed light on the anthropology of these otherwise mysterious people.

1) Scientific Research Institute of Health, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Sakha Republic, Russian Federation 

2) Turkish Cypriot DNA Laboratory, Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus Turkish Cypriot Member Office, Nicosia (North Cyprus), Turkey 

3) Dr. Fazil Kucuk Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, (North Cyprus), Turkey 

4) Department of Contemporary Turkic Languages and Literatures, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey 

5) Archaeology Department, Institute for Humanitarian Research and Problems of Indigenous People of the North, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, Sakha Republic, Russian Federation

KEYWORDS Ak-Alakha. Ancient DNA. Scythian. Saka. Turkic

"Contemporary populations linked to western Iron Age steppe people can be found among diverse ethnic groups in the Caucasus, Russia and Central Asia (spread across many Iranian and other Indo-European speaking groups), whereas populations with genetic similarities to eastern Scythian groups are found almost exclusively among Turkic language speakers."

Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe

Martina Unterländer, Friso Palstra, Iosif Lazaridis, Aleksandr Pilipenko, Zuzana Hofmanová, Melanie Groß, Christian Sell, Jens Blöcher, Karola Kirsanow, Nadin Rohland, Benjamin Rieger, Elke Kaiser, Wolfram Schier, Dimitri Pozdniakov, Aleksandr Khokhlov, Myriam Georges, Sandra Wilde, Adam Powell, Evelyne Heyer, Mathias Currat, David Reich, Zainolla Samashev, Hermann Parzinger, Vyacheslav I. Molodin & Joachim Burger 

Nature Communications volume 8, Article number: 14615 (March 2017) / PDF

* What does this mean? ; "...the expansion of Turkic languages was thought to be much more recent—that is, sixth century CE onwards..." ?! (from the article)

But you are mistaken!...

Turkish language goes far back as the Sumerians, which also means that Turkish speaking groups were in Mesopotamia at that time! So it was not expanded whitin the 6th c AD, not recently thus, but four thousand years earlier. That's the mistake you all make; Thinking that Turks are just limited only with the Gokturks, is just absurd!

SB

Cynical but True, that's how the scholars response!:

"When a scholar met a Scythian at a bazaar, he greeted him “I've heard that Scythians are Iranians”.

The Scythian replies, “Menim dil Türkche” (I talk Türkic), to which the scholar responds,

“You see, my trusted colleague is right, you do speak Iranian!”."

More:

Scythian ethnic affiliation (Eng.) (Link)

N. Kisamov

Ethnic affiliation of the Scytho-Sarmatians

Proceedings of Russian DNA-genealogy Academy, Aug. 2012, Vol. 5, No 8, pp. 979-1012, ISSN 1942-7484 (in Russian)

First, Scythians are Turkish speaking Turkish tribe, which is today also the ancestor of all Turkish people, from east to west, plus the ancestors of Magyars, Huns (the East Huns-Xiongnu and the West Huns-Attila are kinsman), some European tribes as "Saken (or Saxon)", Picts, Osetians, Ukraine. etc. Scythians did not dissepear, they just mingled with others, and that's why the DNA comes up with many nations. But at the begining Scythians (Sacae) are Turks, and Turk is the surname of the ethnic, Scythians is just the name, like Oghuz, Seljuk, Artuqid or Kuman, Khazar, etc. Dr.Ida Bobula wrote in Origin of the Hungarian People; "All Turkish peoples, Uighurs, Kök-Turks, Ottoman Turks, belong to that central group of Eurasian humanity, which we are calling Scythian"...(link)

Second is the "Cultural & Social DNA", who are the descendants of the Scythians which continued the same cultural, art, social traditions? Like drinking mare's milk koumiss (kımız) or stonestatues Balbal or Tashbaba (Stonefather-Taşbaba), which we see also among Kökturks and Kuman-Kipchak Turks. Or riding horse and using the bow-arrow as "Partian-Shot", among Huns, White-Huns (Hephthalites-Abdals), Seljuks (an Oghuz tribe like Ottomans=Atman), Kipchaks and even in the Ottoman period! Not a single tribe of the so-called "Indo-European/Iranian" tribes has used the "Parthian-shot" or "mare's milk"! The continuity of the cultur and art to be seen among Turks, is important to consider...

Third one is the language, Issyk inscription is Turkish to be read. There was also an other little inscription which was read as Ak-Maral (White Deer). The names are Turkish to. There is a joke about it:

When a scholar met a Scythian at a bazaar, he greeted him “I've heard that Scythians are Iranians”. The Scythian replies, “Menim dil Türkche” (I talk Türkic), to which the scholar responds, “You see, my trusted colleague is right, you do speak Iranian!”.

Even the name of the Scythian King is Turkish of etymology; ATAİL

This means Scythians spoke Turkish, so they were Turks, all Turkish people, not just who lives in Turkiye, because Turkiye has many Turkish tribes which are Turks; like Avars, Huns, Khazars, Pechenegs (one of the Oghuz tribe), Oghuz groups (Seljuks of Kınık tribe, Ottoman of Kayı tribe, or look for more Oghuz (the meaning of Oğuz is Tribes) tribes with different names in "Oghuz Turks" on the net) , Cuman-Kipchaks, Bulgar-Turks, Nogay-Turks, etc. that's why we named the land after our surname: Turk. (and I do not accept the word Turkic! it means isshh = like, such as, similar)

And ask yourself to: "Why ise there Turkology (with the word Turk as in ethnic word)? To study the Turks of course... And why is there, instead of Frenchology, Britainology, İtalianology or Swedenology is there a Germanalogy or Celtology?..." The word German lives only in Almanya (Germany) and only they kept the ethnic name (if we can say so), but all others like Franks or Britains are of German/Celt/Scythian mixed people, but they don't have *-ology in academia as title with their ethnic name. 

Most of the people and scholars starts the history of the Turks with the Köktürks/Gokturks, and according to you they don't have ancestors, is that possible? Of course not... Turks are not limited with the Gokturks (the real state name was actually "Turkish Khaganate"), these are just the Turks in Central Asia. There are many Turkish tribes with different names, some took their name from their leader -  Atman > Ottoman, or Selçuk > Seljuk, which are both from Oghuz Turks - , and some was given - like Scythians (actually their name is Sak /Kas, but in Assyrian inscriptions is their name Ashguzai/Ishguzai > As+Guz > As and Ghuzz>Oguz, which As is also a tribe name from the Orkhun inscription, just like the name Tatar (thus, Tatar was not given to Mongolians, because it was already in the 7th c Ad in use as Turkish Tribe).

So the problem of many people and scholars is that they limited the Turks only with the Gokturks, that's just absurd. They didn't fall from the Sky... Plus, Gokturks with the name Turk (in Chinese Tu-kue) is written on the Orkhun inscriptions, but not for the first time, the first time is Turuki/Turuci in 14th-13th c BC. Or the name Guz/Oguz, like in Assyrian inscripitons was written also by Herodotus and Strabo as Ochus or Oxus, is the river Amu Darya today, where the Oghuz Turks lived even in the 5th BC... Did the Russians, British or Slavs have the nation name in BC times? No, they did not... Subar/Suvar/Sibir or Subari/Subartu/Subarians (3300 BC.) are also proto-Turks, which gave name to Siberia. (There are Turkish toponyms or hydronyms in Europe to if you are interested...)

And who says that the Turks are Asian?.. No my friend, Turks are just like the Europeans of Caucasian race. But some of them mixed with the Asian race, who settled in Central Asia, and there is no shame of it. Are the Europeans pure blood/genes German or Celtic tribe? Also a no... I do respect all kind of culture and nation, but I do not accept the ignorence against the history of all the Turkish people. Be careful, maybe you are mocking about your own ancestor, which you don't know. Because, Europe was settled by Turks with the names; Scythians/Sacae, Huns, Avars (which is also called as Abar, like in "Abaris the Hyperborean"), Bulgars, Khazars, Kipchak-Cumans, Pechenegs, etc... So, everyone need to refresh theirs knowledge... 

Plus about the Vikings, actually their history begins in the 8th c Ad after the Hun-Turks. After the death of Attila (Atilla) the Huns spread all over the Europe, and some of them came to Scandinavia and settled there. There is not just a DNA result but also the traditions; eating horse meat, burying with horses in kurgans, hanging horse head on trees, etc. are Hun (and Scythian-Kökturk) Turk traditions and not Scandinavian! Of course the asimilation was strong. But at the end the European people have Turkish ancestory in his genes and veins, not just by Scyhtian Turks, but also by Hun, Bulgar (before the Slavs), Avar, Cuman-Kipchak, Pecheneg, Seljuk and even Ottoman Turks. For example, we see more Avar-Turks among Slavs, and Hun-Turks among German tribes with the 4th-8th century AD. Magyars (this is the ethnic name of them, not Hun) are our cousins. Hungarians are the only non-Indo-European-speaking nation in Central Europe and are more realated with Bashkir Turks and Cuman-Turks.

For more info look at this link (turkic world) many articles, books about everything...

With my best wishes...

SB

TURKS

Turkic-Speaking Period of Europe History

Preface

As far back as once can reach into historical memory, the European continent already contained several ethnically homogeneous territories. The westernmost was Gaul (Latin:Gallia), or Celica. To the east, as far as the Vistula River, extended Germania. Eastwards from the Vistula as far as the Ural Mountains lay the territory called by some ancient writers Scythia, by others Sarmatia, while yet others refer to part of it as Scythia and part as Sarmatia, Britain, Scandinavia and the Sub-Apennine peninsula were separate entities with distinct ethnicities, as was the İberian peninsula south of the Pyrenees. The vast expanse of Scythia-Sarmatia was, moreover from the very beginning itself divided into an assortment of substantial territories. An ethnic territory owes its name to the ethnonym of the dominant people or tribe living there. The lands in question, however, were occupied by a large number of different tribes and peoples all possessing their own ethnic names.


All ancient and most early mediacval, written sources concerned with European history exist in one of two languages: Ancient Greek or Latin. Neither was mush in use in ancient times for vernacular purposes on the European land mass, and after Late Antiquity they effectively fell into complete desuetude.


According to relevant historical written records compiled in the period between Antiquity and the Early Mediaeval period, there were more than 2.500 names of tribes and peoples on the European land mass. None of these names are derived from Ancient Greek or Latin, but from some other Europan language.


Yet, ethnonyms being themselves words that reflect the name of a defined community of people, it follows that they must have been integral to the lexicons of those languages spoken by European peoples at the time. To judge, however, from the great number of ethnonyms and other terms cited in the ancient sources, these languages differed fundamentally from those by European populations today. This naturally gives rise to certain questions: what were these languages? Who spoke them? What is the relationship of their speakers to today's European peoples? In what way and for what reasons did their languages change to those we hear today?


The earliest Europan ethnonym to be found in the pages of ancient written sources is that of the Cimmerians. Semantic and etymological analysis of this word shows it to have been typical Turkic tribal nomenclature. Ancient sources provide detailed information that the Cimmerians belonged to the Scythian people, who were later called the Huns. Generally speaking the Ancient Greeks bestowed the appellation "Scyth" on all those European tribes whose religious orientation to judge from the semantic implications of the word, centred of fire worship. The name the peoples themselves used to describe their race was, however "AS".


Modern opion holds that the Scythians inhabited a vast territory stretching from the Urals to the Vistula. Other names for them were the Sarmatians or the Savromatians. Analysis of their tribal ethnic names shows that they were all Turkic-speaking, indeed the works of numeerous contemporary scholars and specialist demonstrade convincingly that the Scythians were a Turkic people and this is directly confirmed by the documentary evidence in Western European written records from the Middle Ages.


Moreover, the Scythians were anthropologically speaking predominantly of the Europid type. The primevall habitat of the Scythian tribes in Europe, including Huns, Avars, Bulgars and other, was the Middle Volga Region and the Kama River Basin, where they appeared probably no later than the third millenium BC. Some of these tribes subsequently settled in the wide expanse of land between the Volga and the Don, an area they began to call Asia. 


At some point, evidently around the end of the third millenium BC, tribes from the Middle Volga Region migreated to Central, Southern and Northern Europe, passing as they went through the Upper Volga and the lands surrounding the Baltic Sea. In all probability these tribes were the progenitors and guardians of the so-called Battle-Axe Culture. At a later date these Turkic-speaking peoples from the Middle Volga and Kama Basin Regions began also to migrate, via the Sea of Azov and Black Sea regions, to Southern, Central and Northern Europe. In this way, since earliest antiquity the dominant peoples of Europe stemmed from Turkic-Speaking tribes.


Taking all factors into consideration, it seems likely that the greater part of the European territory into which the Turkic-speaking peoples migrated would have been inhabited by aborginal populations speaking autochthonous languages which were inflected. Clues, albeit extremely rare and meagre, that these lands were indeed inhabited by such tribes and peoples are occasionally to be found in the written records of ancient writers. The theory that the languages spoken by such folk would have been inflected, or fusional, rests on the following propositions.


As has already been point out, the only written sources to have been discovered in europe dating back to antiquity are in Greek and Latin even though, based on ethnonyms, onomastic and other linguistic studies a significant proportion of the population at this time must have been Turkic-speaking. But from the 10th to 12th centuries AD onwards written sources start to appear in a variety of inflected tongues which form the basis for all languages spoken throughout Europe today. To be precise, no traces have come down to us today of any inflected language before the 10th to 12th centuries. 


Moreover, at a slightly earlier time than this, sources in Ancient Greek disappear from the record followed after a short while by Latin. Later still Turkic onomastics and terms vanish from the Latin sources: all that remains are some Turkic ethnonyms surviving in corrupted froms in the now-proliferating fusional languages. To judge from written sources and archeological findings no significant waves of foreign-language-speaking populations penetrating into Europe occured at this time. All these considerations give rise to the presumption that on the eve of the 10th -12th centuries AD the Turkic-speaking population of Europe changed from speaking Turkic to inflected tongues.


And this may mean that although inflected languages had already been spoken there, or to be accurate the people whose languages these were had been living there since remote antiquity, for some reason the Greco-Latin sources make no mention of them. One reason for this may have been their social status. They were most probably indigenous populations whom the incoming Turkic-speaking tribes migration to their territory subjugated as they invaded, condemning them to a discenfranchised, historically inert position in the very lowest stratum of society, dismissed as the common folk, savages with whom the incoming Turkic-speaking population would have little or no contact. But at a particular moment in history one may speculate under the influence of powerful external factors, the Turkic-speaking section of the population that had held sway over Europe for centuries found itself obliged to adopt the inflected language of the indigenous peoples it had for so long subjugated. Possibly the underlying causes of this development are to be found in religion: from the end of the 4th century a schism ran right through Christendom.


The Catholic Church was in the ascendancy throughout the Roman Empire, whereas the populations of the remaining areas of Western and Central Europe, inhabited mainly by Turkic-speaking peoples of Scythian origin, clung to Arianism. Preached usually in the Turkic language, this was a theology universally proscribed as heretical, and heretics were savagely persecuted and repressed. Inasmuch as the Turkic language was associated with Arianism, those whose tongue it was could well have shifted to that of the indigenous common people for fear of the repression imposed by the all-powerful Catholic Church. This, then, could have been the principal reason why those sections of the European population speaking Turkic abandoned it in favour of inflected languages. The Church's chief instrument of repression in this process was the Inquisition, which as no doubt instituted expressly for the purpose.


In Eastern Europe the ethnic parameters developed rather differently. In the Middle Volga and Kama Basin Regions, as well as the area lying between the Volga and Oka Rivers and North-Eastern Pribaltika, the longest-established populations were probably Finnic-speaking tribes. At some far-off period of time Turkic-speaking peoples migrated into these areas, where although they lived side-by-side with the indigenous populations they did not mix racially. The indigenous tribes living in the northern parts of the Eastern Baltic Region, however, form an exception to this pattern as they were quick to assimilate their Turkic-speaking migrants.


It is diffucult to speak with any certainty about the ethnic origins of the ancient populations of the Middle and Upper Dnieper regions. Somewhere around the 5th century AD Slavic tribes migrated to Eastern Europe. These were Southern Slavs who had come originally from Dalmatia, thence passing through Bohemia, Poland, Northern Bielorussia to settle in the Volga-Klyazma River region.


Another group of Slavic tribes from the Middle Danube region made its way, probably at a later date, to settle in Central Europe in the regions of the Middle Dnieper and the Oka Basin. Some of the Rus' Turkic-speaking tribes originally from the Middle Volga and Kama Basin regions, in joinning the general migratory wave, took the northern route to end up in Eastern Pribaltika while still others came to the Erastern shores of Rus' origin penetrated as far as Lake İlmen and the dispersed to the Middle Dnieper, exercising control and influence over the resident Slavic tribes. 


By the 11th century they had moved as far as the Volga-Oka region. Written records from this area mention the presence there of the MOSK people who were to establish the powerful mediaeval state known as "Moskovia". Such is, therefore the likely ethnic background against which the ethnogenesis and subsequent history of the entire European community of peoples took place.


It should be pointed out that the theses and conclusions outlined in the proposed work are for the most part founded on an analysis of ethnonyms and other terms, and to some extent on an interpretation of historical data, that are absent from the central focus of most contemporary historiography. Needless to say, a comprehesive and credible understanding of all the processes involved in the ethnogenesis and credible understanding of all the processes involved in the ethnogenesis of the peoples of Europe requires the facts presented in the present work to be seen in the context of relevant findings from the fields of archeology, study of ancient texts, linguistics, turkology, ethnology and other related disciplines. 


Nevertheless, the significant scope of the information gleaned from study of ethnic names and other terms offers a basis for the proposition that a considerable elapse of time in the ancient history of Europe was a Turkic-speaking period, that is to say a time when the predominant element of the population of Europe in antiquity spoke a form of the Turkic language.


The purpose of a previous publication "The Turkic ethnicon analysis of Old European nations" was to demonstrate on the basis of the earliest historical sources the ethnic origins and relationschip of the primeval tribes and people of the Europe of antiquity; to decipher their ethnonyms, and to form an understanding of why it came about that these ancient denizens of our common land spoke in languages so fundamentally different from ours today. The results of this preliminary research were set out in that book. The project now proposed is a corrected amplified and partly revised second edition. The corrections stem from supplementary researches consisting, in the main, of further semantic analysis of a range of ethnonyms and terms. Additional material and partial revisions have been generated by the attempt to consider yet again a series of questions concerning the ethnogenesis of European peoples, taking into account their various ethnic roots and inter-European migratory processes. This work has necessitated a more precise title for this second edition.


For their work in the preparation of this book for the press the author wished to express his deep appreciation to G.Zavrorodnyaya, A.Zavogorodny, A.Phillips and G.Shuke.



Yu.N.Drozdov
Turkic-Speaking Period of Europe History
(The book is in Russian Language, but, there is a part in English: chapter 1:6 Huns , and chapter 14 on Christianty)

Scythian/Sacae Warrior, Pants and Bow

Al-Dawla al-Turkiyya (Turkish State)  i.e. Mamluks  (Kipchak Turks) ; 

Vase with Scythian/Sacae Bow

* Mosk people are Tree People; in Turkish Moşk-Muşki-Meşe, just like Agathirzi in ancient records, i.e. Ağaçeri Turks, one of the Scythian tribe, was also living in Turkey in the East of Black Sea Region in BC times.

Even the geographic name "Siberia" comes from "Sibir Turks"...

Turkish Toponyms of Europe

Scythian Stone Statue / Gökturk (Turkish) Stone Statue "Tashbaba"

Turkic Toponyms of Armenia and iran

Who were the ancient inhabitants of Asia Minor? G.Shuke

Atilla ve Papa (Attila and the Pope)

Avar Turks

Kipchak - Cuman Turks

Türklerin Gizli Tarihi: İber Yarımadasında Türkçe toponimler

"Avrupanın Kadim Ahalisi Türk İdi" A.A.Klyosov

Dolmens-Tumuli-Jade Stone is Turanian (article in Turkish)

Scythian / Saka

İskit/Saka Kralı, kardeşi Anakharsis'i (MÖ.6.yy), Hellen tanrılarına gizlice taptığı ve anavatanından utandığı için, 

bozkır kanunlarının verdiği yetkiyle, öldürüyor.

Sengileevskaya-2 Kurganı -Stravropol

* "Bütün Türkler, Uygurlar, Kök-Türkler, Osmanlı Türkleri, bizim İskit dediğimiz Avrasya merkez grubu halklarıdır"  - Ida Bobula- Macaristan


* "Bütün dilsel bulguların arkeolojik eserler ile kombinesi, İskitlerin Türk kökenli olduğunu teyit eder ve modern Çuvaşlar İskitlerin torunlarıdır." - Valentyn Stetsiuk-Ukrayna


* "Çuvaşçayı şekillendirenler Altayların güneybatısında yaşayan Oğuzlardı. MÖ.1000 yılında bu kavim ikiye ayrılmıştı."  -Prof.Yegorov Nikolay İvanoviç-Çuvaşistan

Heredot'a göre, Persliler bütün İskitlere Saka derdi.

Sonra; Scyth- Skyt - Skif ve oradan da Türkçeye İskit olarak girdi.

Asur tabletlerinde geçen Ashguzai (Aşguzai) - Skuz - Guz - Oğuz'dur

Photo:

Anacharsis (6th c BC) , who secretly prayed Greek gods, and was ashamed of his homeland, 

was killed by the Scythian/Saka king, his brother, in order of the tribe law.

Found in Kurgan "Sengileevskaya 2" -Stravropol

* "All Turkish peoples, Uighurs, Kök-Turks, Ottoman Turks belong to that central Group of Eurasian humanity, which we are calling Scythian" - Prof.Dr.Ida Bobula- Hungary.


* "All these linguistic findings combined with archaeological artifacts allow to confirm that Scythian had Turkic origin and modern Chuvashs are Scytians descendants." - The Legacy of Scythians by Valentyn Stetsiuk-Ukraine


* "Oghuz who lived in the Altai shaped the Chuvash language. In 1000 BC these tribes were divided." Prof. Yegorov Nikolay Ivanovich

According to Herodotus, the Persians call all Scythians Sacae.

Later as; Scyth, Skyt - Skif and from them translated to Turkish as İskit.

Assyrian called them Ashguzai -, which is; Skuz - Guz - Oghuz

linkler:

* Anakharsis ve Bozkır Kanunu:

* Oghuz (Oğuz) Kurgan in Ukraine and Scythians/Saka

Kurgan "Sengileevskaya 2" attracted the attention of local arheologoa Andrei Belinsky in the summer of 2013, when he began construction around power lines.

The ancient Greeks and Persians for thousands of years, afraid of the raids of the Scythians, the inhabitants of the vast Eurasian steppe that stretched from present Mongolia to the Black Sea in to Europe. 

The graves of Scythians ancestors Scythians called mounds that resembled hills and located in the steppe.

In the summer of 2013 in the Stavropol region, archaeologists led by Andrei Belinsky began excavating the mound Sengilevskoe-2 (Sengileevskoe-2), where they found a rectangular burial chamber built broad, flat stones. Inside the burial chamber visited looters, who, fortunately, missed the golden treasures stationed there 2,400 years ago.

Archaeologists did not expect that they are so lucky, and they will find in Scythian burial mounds of gold jewelry with a total weight of 3.2 kg. Found two gold Scythian vessel in the form of a bucket that had been flipped, inverted bucket inside each had three golden cup, well-preserved two gold neck hryvnia in the form of rings, a heavy gold ring and a gold bracelet.

Inside the golden vessels, archaeologists discovered black dried sediment, presumably burned in the vessel. The head of the archaeological expedition Belinsky asked criminologists in the neighboring Stavropol conduct chemical analysis of substances found in the vessel. Results of laboratory tests showed that the remains of opium and cannabis, which was used in their religious rituals Scythian priests. Found Scythian burial mound Sengilevskoe-2 confirmed the testimony of Herodotus that the Scythians used a pair of opium, with its broth, and smoke cannabis during combustion.

For archaeologists it is of great interest the scene depicted on the Scythian vessels. Having carefully considered amazingly realistic image on gold, you can see the detail features of Scythian clothing, shoes, hairstyles and weaponry Scythian warriors. Belinsky admits that until now had never seen such a detailed picture of clothes and weapons of the Scythians, which can be considered as it was sewn clothes.

Another vessel with a hole at the bottom was covered with images of mythological creatures - the griffins, very realistic battering horse and deer. Scenes of hunting is very typical for the Scythian animal style.

Excavations at the mound resulted in the fall of 2014. Archaeologists could not find other valuable objects they have found a network of trenches around the mound. Most likely, he was just one element of a large ceremonial complex.

google tr from Russia
link - link2

İSKİT USULÜ

Altın riton At, MÖ.3.yy, İskit-Türk 

Gold rhyton Horse, 3rd c BC, Scythian-Turk

Şaraba su karıştırıp içen Helenlerin aksine İskitler, şarabı sek olarak içerdi. Hatta Helenlerin "sek şarap" anlamına gelen özel bir ifadeleri de vardı "podskif"(!) , yani "iskit usulü".


Unlike the Greeks, who drank wine diluted with water, the Scythians drank it undiluted. The Greeks even had a special expression "podskif"(!) , which means "add pure wine" "scythian style".



kaynak:
Boris Shramko, Tarihçi, Ukrayna (1921-2012)
Harkov (Kharkov) Devlet Üniversitesi,1962 
! (Rusça'dan İngilizce’ye çevirisinde bu şekilde çıkıyor)

Turkish archery , escapes in front of the enemy , while galloping he turns back and shot the arrow. A war trick that was used in the Turkic tribes. The Turks lived on horse, sleeps on horse, traveled on horse, fight on horse, they where seen as one "Horseman"....And they create Centaurs.


Unbreakable records belongs to ;
Tozkoparan İskender (15th c) = 1281.5 (gez) /846 m.
and Bursalı Şüca (16th c) range 1271.5 (gez)


Sultan Mahmud II (1785-1839), in 1817, he has taken 1200 (gez), 
the American ambassador was surprised. In the 19th century the criteria was fixed to 1 (gez) = 60.74 cm


European Archers record ;300 m. 
While a Turkish Archer could not have been nominated in the Ottoman Empire if it is not 600 meters....more

video: auf Deutsch / sub.Turkish

Osmanlı , erken 17.yy

Quiver early 17th c - Ottoman Turks

Rüstkammer with Türckische Cammer

Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden

Kilikya, MÖ.425-400

Amazon (Oerpata- Erpata=Er öldüren)

İskitler düşmanlarının derisini yüzerdi....tıpkı Amerika Yerlileri gibi....

Apollo ve Marsyas hikayesinde, Apollo Marsyas'ı asar ama derisini bir İskite yüzdürür.

ve Marsyas, Çine Çayı'nın eski adıdır.

"Araştırmacılar kavalın anavatanın ,Hazar Denizi ötesi Ural-Altay dağları arasındaki bölge olabileceği konusunda birleşmektedir.

Nitekim Alman asıllı müzikolog Curts Sachs , kavalın Türkçe asıllı olduğunu belirtmiştir. Konuyla ilgili ayrıca Macaristan'ın Zulnak ili Jonoshid yöresinde 1933 yıllarında arkeolojik kazılar ile ortaya çıkartılan bir ''kurgan'' (mezar) da var. Türk çobanına ait ''ötkeçin''ne (kemikten yapılmış çifte kaval) rastlanmıştır.

Kavim göçü çağından kalma bu nefesli sazı bir çok tipleri arasında inceleyen Macar Denes Van Bartha bu tür örneklerin yayılma merkezinin Ural ile Altay arasındaki Ön Türklere ait en eski uygarlık ürünü olduğunu ayrıca doğrulanmıştır. Anadolu'ya İskitler/Sakalar (MÖ.8.yy.-3.yy.) vasıtasıyla geldiği söylenir."


Tüm Yönleriyle Türk Halk Müziği ve Nazariyatı
Dr. Atınç Emnalar 
Ege Üniversitesi, 1998


Dip not: 
Bu efsanenin başına "Athena'nın bu flütü icat ettiğini, üflediğinde çirkinleştiğini, diğer tanrıçaların gülüp alay etmesinden dolayı dünyaya attığı" bölümünü ekleyerek, orijinini Yunan'a mâl ederler....Hatta Etrüsklerin de "Grek"lerden aldıklarını söylerler, halbuki bu müzik aleti, aynı zamanda Etrüsklere de aittir ve onlardan Romalılara geçmiştir. Aulos - Yunanca / Tibia - Latince ve Etrüskceden Latinceye geçen "Subulo" kelimesi de flütçü demektir.



"Eberhard’a göre Türkler fevkalâde iyi flüt çalardı: iki çeşit flüt kullanırlardı… Etrüsklerin ise flüt çalmaktaki ustalığı Yunanistan’da bile ün salmıştı ve Etrüsk kelimesi “iyi flüt çalan” manasına gelirdi."

Adile Ayda - Etrüskler Türk mü idi?

Kitharasıyla Apollo, ortada bıçağıyla bir İskit ve sağda flütüyle Marsyas

MÖ.330-320 

Atina Ulusal Müze

 Issık ve İskenderun

Sibirya adı

ASYA ADI

Kırım ve Pazırık

DAĞLI İSKİT TÜRKLERİ ARİMASPİLER

Mit, örf ve âdetlerin karşılaştırılması da Sümer meselesinde bize zengin bir bilgi verir.Sümerlerin asıl vatanlarını tespit etmek için Türk kavimlerinin oluşmaları, çoğalmaları ve büyük göçleri hakkındaki mitlerine müracaat etmek zorundayız.

Şunu hatırlatmak gerekir ki, Sümer devleti Yeni Neolit devrinde, Mezopotamya’da kurulmuştur. Sümerler, evvelâ, üzerine kamış örtülü kulübelerde ve yer altı evlerinde yaşadılar. Bu hayat tarzları ve muhafaza ettikleri gelenekler Sümerlerin dağlı halk olduğunu gösterir. Sümerlerin aslının dağlı oldukları konusunda, âlimlerin aynı fikirde olmaları ilginçtir. Sümerler göç ettikten sonra bakırdan eşya yapmaya başlarlar ki, bu zanaat medeniyettarihinde büyük bir inkılâp idi.

Bakırcılık ve demircilik, Türklerin temel zanaatıdır.

Buna bağlı olarak Türk kavminin ilk mesleklerinden biri de “demircilik” olmuştur. Demircilikle ilgili mitler başka milletlerde de vardır.

Türklerde en yaygın olanı“Ergenekon” destanındaki mitlerdir. Bu destandaki hikâyeye göre Türkler düşmanlarına yenilir. Yapılan savaşta Elhan'ın oğlu Kıyan ve Noguz’un aile üyelerinin hepsi ölür. Kıyan ve Noğuz mal ve mülklerini, ailelerini yanlarına alarak kaçarlar. Büyük zorluklar çektikten sonra, Tanrının merhametiyle dağların arasındaki cennet gibi bir mekâna gelip yerleşirler. Etrafı dağlarla kuşatılan bu yere bir tek kişinin ve düşmanın gelmesi hiç de mümkün değildir. Bu yer cennet kadar güzeldir. Ergenekon yeri, suyu, havası ve bol nimetleriyle şahane bir yerdir. Bu iki aile burada yaşamaya başlarlar. Bunlar, burada ziraat, bağcılık, bostancılık ve demircilikle meşgul olurlar. Burasını mamur bir yurda çevirirler. Onlar burada 400 yıl yaşarlar.

Kavim cennet kadar güzel olan bu yurda sığmayacak kadar çoğalırlar. O zaman kurultay yaparak kendi yurtlarını genişletmek isterler. Etrafı aşılmaz sarp kayalarla çevrili olan Ergenekon'dan çıkmak hiç de kolay değildir. İçlerinden bir demirci ustası bu kayaları büyük bir maharetle eritip geçit açar.Yol açıp Ergenekon'dan yeni dünyaya çıktıkları güne atfen (3) her yıl ilkbaharın ilk gününde, Türk hakanları şölen yaparlardı.

Onlar çekiçle örste demir döverek Ergenekon'dan çıkışı sembolize ederlerdi. Sonra bu kutlamalarda büyük toy verilirdi. Divanü Lûgati't-Türk'ün 1. cildinde şu bilgi vardır:

Kırgız, Yabom, Kıpçak ve başka kavimlerin halkı yemin veya anlaşma merasimlerinde demiri ululamak için kılıcı çıkarıp, gözlerini kapatarak öne doğru yürür ve “Gök girsin, kızıl çıksın.” (Yani sözümde durmazsam, kılıç kanıma bulansın, demir senden öç alsın.) derlerdi (Epos).

Çünkü onlar demiri kutsal sayarlardı. Altay Türklerinin tanrısı Erlik Han’ın sarayının damı da kılıcı da kalkanı da demirdendir. Demirle, Şaman kavramları buradan çıkmıştır. (Şaman, kavmin yol göstericisi, ilâhîyatçısı, onlara yardım edicidir.) Anlaşıldığı gibi Altaylarda da demir mukaddestir. Türkler kayayı eritip, yeni dünyalara yol açarlar ve çeşitli yerlere doğru giderek, tıpkı Ergenekon gibi cennet yurtlar aramaya koyulurlar.

“Demirci” lâkabı,Türklere işte bu efsaneden kalmış olabilir. Kaynakların ve yadigârların gösterdiği cennet gibi mekân Altay'da dağlar arasında bulunmuştur. Destanda bu ahali mert,marifetli, hüner sahibi, varlıklı ve cesurdur. Yurtları ise müreffehtir. Destanda, düşmandan gizlenerek tılsımlı yurda gidip, orada kalma konusundaki anlayışın kökleri çok eskiye dayanmaktadır.

Türklerin kozmogonik görüşlerine göre insanlar, Tanrılara dağlar üstünde rastlamış ve onlara tapmışlardır. Tanrıya gökyüzüne, dağlara ve tepelerin üstüne çıkılarak ulaşılır diye inanıyorlardı.
Eski Yunan kaynaklarında da doğuda; mutlu,güzel, müreffeh Giperlera halkının yaşadığı hakkında kayıtlara rastlanır (Kaşgarlı,1991).

Milâttan önce VII. yüzyılda doğuya seyahat eden Yunan Aristey'in hatıralarında da bunun gibi bilgilere rastlanır (Änoxin). Aristey, bu seyahatini destan olarak anlatmıştır. Bu destan, Türklerin yurdu hakkındaki en eski yazma kaynaklardan biridir.

Aristey, “Arimaspeya” destanındaki Arimasplar için "Onlar, sıradan insanlar değil, ilâhî güç ve kuvvete sahip halktırlar." der. Destanda bu halk, demirciliği, büyücülüğü, aleve hâkim olmayı bilir. Yurtları cennet gibidir ve insanları tek gözlüdür.

Kaynaklarda tekgözlüler hakkındaki mitlerin tarihî esasa dayandığı yazılmıştır (Sülåymånovä, 1991).Özellikle Türk kavimleri, başlarına demirden miğfer giymişlerdir. Bunu yanlış yorumlayan Yunanlılara Arimasplar, bir gözlü devler şeklinde tecessüm etmişti.

Umumî olarak Aristey'in doğu hakkındaki destanı, Yunan edebiyatına büyük bir ölçüde nüfuz etmiştir. Orada Arimaspların sihirli güce sahip olduklarından bahseder. Cennet gibi yurt hakkındaki bu kaynak, demirciliğin ve medeniyetin vatanının Orta Asya ve Altay etrafındaki yerler olduğunu belgelemektedir.

Kuzeyde bulunan "cennet gibi yurt" hakkındaki rivayetlere Çin kaynaklarında da rastlanır. Eski Çin mitlerinde; "kuzeybatıda çok zengin, müreffeh ve güçlü İmu memleketi vardır" denir. İmu, tıpkı Aristey'in tasvir ettiği gibi tek gözlüler memleketidir.

Bunun dışında Hint mitlerinde de kuzeydeki tekgözlü insanlar hakkında bilgiler vardır. Demek ki tek gözlü insanların memleketi gerçektir. Buradaki halk demirden miğfer giydikleri için böyle tasvir edilmişlerdir.Bahsedilen bu halk Baktriya ve Hindistan'ın kuzeyinde, Çin'in kuzeybatısında, Yunanistan'da ve Uzakdoğu'da yaşamıştır.

Haritaya bakarsak bunun Orta Asya, Sibirya ve Altay ülkeleri olduklarını görürüz. "Cennet gibi yurdun" aynen bu sınırda olduğuna Yunan, Çin ve Hint kaynakları şahitlik eder.

Bunun dışında, dağ arasındaki tılsımlı yurt anlayışı Özbek sözlü edebiyatında da muhafaza edilmiştir. Özellikle, Malike-i Ayar(Ayar, “kurmay” demektir.) destanı tılsımlı ve güçlü Türkistan hakkındadır.
Avaz,Malike-i Ayar'ı (kurmayı) bu memleketten kaçırarak gelir. (4) Türkistan'da destan kahramanları altından, metalden arslan yaparlar. Bu bölüm, Türklerin demircilikle eskiden beri uğraştığını teyit eder.

Sibirya Türklerinin etnografisini araştıran V.Radlof’un yazdığına göre, Altay ve Sayan dağları altın ve bakır yönünden zengindir. Buna göre söyleyebiliriz ki; bu yerin eski ahalisi bakır ve altın gibi çeşitli metalleri kendileri kazarak çıkarmış, bunlardan çeşitli eşyalar yapmışlardır (Pyankov, 1978).

Radloff, Altayların 180 türde bronz eşyanın yanında, küpe, yüzük, boncuk yaptıklarınıda söyler. Keza Altayların eski mezarlarında da metal, altın, bakır, gümüş, bronze şyaları bulunmuştur. Milâttan önce 3000 yılının başıyla ilgili kazıda Malike Şubad’ın mezarında çok ince ve sanatkârane işlenen mücevherler ve metal eşyalar bulunmuştur (Arxialogiçeskix, 1961). Altaylar ve Sümerlerin gümüş bir masa üstünde, mezara demir eşyalar koyma âdetleri aynıdır. Bazı âlimler bu benzerliğe dayanarak, eskiden bu halkların dininin aynı olduğu fikrindedirler.

Rus âlimi I. Ragozine, çok içtenlikle elindeki Sümer ve Türk kaynaklarına dayanarak şöyle der: Bunlar topraktan yararlanmayı, madenciliği, demiri işlemeyi bu yere getirdiler. Ayrıca onlar bataklık yerleri kurutup kanallar kazarak buraları verimli hâle getirdiler. Taşlardan ve tuğladan evler yaptılar.

Bu tip evleri ilk yapanlar Sümerlerdir. Akad yani “dağ”, “kaya”kelimeleri bile bu halkın dağlı yurtlardan geldiğini belirtmektedir. Asıl vatanları olan Dicle ve Fırat ırmaklarının kuzeydoğusunda yerleşerek, kendilerini Elâm diye adlandırmalarına rağmen onların esasen eski Türk kavmine mensup oldukları gerçeğe daha yakındır. Sibirya'daki Altay (dolayısıyla Ural) sıradağlarının eskiden demir madeni/ocağı olduğu bilinir. Bu ülkede Turan kavimlerinin yaşadığı, sonra güneye ve kuzeye doğru dağıldıkları, ayrıca onların bir kısmının orada da göçebe hayat sürdürdükleri dikkate alınırsa, Sümer ve Akadların ilk önce bu ülkede yaşadıklarını anlamak da kolay olur. Ural-Altay halklarının sözlü kaynakları ve yadigârları da bunu teyit eder.

Castren, inceleme ve araştırma sonuçlarına göre, onların (Sümerlerin) dünya yaratıldığından ve büyük felâketlerden beri, (yeryüzünü suların basması kastediliyor.) bu güne kadar dedeleri, babaları Altay'ın derya ve ırmaklarından su içerdi. Onların tılsımlı vadide (cennet gibi yurt) yaşadıklarını göstermek için güzel efsaneyi örnek olarak verir.

Efsaneye göre bu vadi, dört taraftan geçilemez kayalarla çevrilidir. Onların ecdatları nice yüzyıllar bu vadide yaşadılar. Neticede vadiden çıkıp gitme, onu genişletme yolunu aramışlar, ama bulamamışlardır. O zaman kavmin nalcılarından biri kayayı inceler bakar, onun baştan sona demir olduğunu tespit eder. Onun teklifiyle büyük bir ateş yakarlar, çekiçlerle kayayı eritirler. Böylece aşılmaz kayadan kendilerine yol açarlar. Bu efsane, demiri işlemenin sarı kavmin temel uğraşı, işi olduğu hakkındaki görüşleri tasdik eder.

Sümer ve Akadlar da bu konuda mahirdirler. Keza, bu onların mezarlarında bulunan altın ve sanatkârane bir şekilde demirden yapılmış eşyalarda da görülür (Ayår, 1998).

E. Ragozina'nın örnek olarak verdiği efsane daha önce bahsedilen efsanenin aynısıdır.Aslında demirciliğin keşfedilmesi ve işlenmesi medeniyetin başlangıcıdır. Altay ve Ural sıra dağları arasında yaşayan Türk kavimlerinin kendilerine yurt arayarak, dağ sıralarını aşıp Kafkasya’yla Mezopotamya'ya gelmesi ve oradan da dünya uygarlığını başlatması hakikattir.


Doç.Dr. Cabbar IŞANKULU
Aktaran: V. Savaş YELOK
Özbek Türkçesinden aktarılan bu makalede Türk dili ile Sümer dili arasındaki ilişkiden yola çıkılmıştır.Yazar sadece ortak kelimeleri değil Türk boylarının destanları ile Sümer destanları arasından benzerlikleri esas alarak, Sümerler ile Türkler arasındaki akrabalığı tespite farklı bir yönden yaklaşmıştır.
G.Ü. Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt 22, Sayı 3 (2002)

3) Bugüne Murat Uraz 9 Mart diyor. Anlaşılan o, ay ve güneş yıllarına göre hesaplama yaparken yanılmıştır. Çoğuna göre bugün 19-21 Marta tekabül eder. Yani yeni gün önceden 21 Mart, yani Nevruz günü sayıla gelmiştir. 
4) Age., s. 16

Arimaspiler, Dağlı Altaylı İskitler

İlk antik Yunan kaynaklarına göre bizim merak ettiğimiz topraklarda İssedonlar, bir gözlü Arimaspiler, ve "Altını Muhafaza Eden Akbabalar" yaşıyordu.

İlmi araştırmalara dayalı olarak Arimaspilerin Doğu Kazakistan'da oturan göçebeler olduğu bilinmektedir, efsanevi "Altını Muhafaza Eden Akbabalar" ise dağlı Altay İskitleridir. Eski zamanlarda Dağlı Altay'da altın çok miktarlarda çıkarılmıştır.

Antik Yunan kaynaklarındaki Arimaspiler ilmi araştırmalara göre,Tarbagatay dağlarına bitişik olan topraklarda, İrtiş nehrinin kaynak cihetinde, Zaysan gölünde ve onun doğu tarafındaki bölgede meskundurlar. Arimaspi ıstılahında eski Türkçe’deki “arima”s kelimesinin eski yapısını ya da devingenli şeklini görebiliriz. Arimas eski Türkçe “arim” (ayrım, ayırma) kelimesi ve “az(as)” etnik isminden oluşabilir, yani arim-az(as), arimas-“diğer, öbür, farklı ayrı olan Azlar” manasındadır.

Bu göçebelerin etnik isimlerinin arimas olabileceği tarihi haberler ile ispatlanabilir. Antik yazar Strabon’un haberlerine göre Büyük İskender, Maveraünnehir’de bir dağı ele geçirmiştir. Onun adı “Oks (Okus) veya Arimaz” kayası diye zikredilir . Kvint Kurtsiy Ruf’un verdiği habere göre: Bu dağ Arimaz’ın elindedir. Arimaz, orada 30.000 asker ile oturmuştur. Bize göre, Arimaz bu komutanın ismi değil, o kabilenin adıdır. Eski Türk adetine göre, her boyun üyesi o boyun ya da oymağın etnik ismiyle adlandırılırdı bunun içinde “Arimaz” etnik isim şeklinde kullanılmış olabilir. Arimaspiler, hem arkeolojik hem de antropolojik açıdan Pazırık kültürüne mensup olan göçebelerdir ve Dağlı Altay İskitleri ile aslen aynı köktendir.

Etimolojik araştırmalara göre İskitlerin gerçek etnik adı Az (as) ıstılahından ve diğer eski Türk unsurlarından teşkil edilmiştir.


Dr. Kılıç OSMANOV
Kırgız Devlet Pedegoji Üniversitesi, Şarkiyat Fakültesi Öğretim Üyesi. 
Kırgız Türkçesi’nden Aktaran-İlmî Redaktör: Dr. Mustafa KALKAN

"TÜRKLER, GÜNEŞİN DOĞDUĞU YERDEN BATTIĞI YERE KADAR HAKİMDİRLER" ve "CARTHASİS"

Kaynaklarda "İskit kralının kardeşi Carthasis" diye kullanılan "CARTHASİS" ismi, aslında "KARDEŞİ" kelimesinin ta kendisidir.

Mispronunciation of Kardashi (Kardeşi / Brother) , mislead everyone, and they used as a person's name in books : Carthasis....

Yanlış kullanım sonucu kaynaklarda:

1 - ) "They were led by Carthasis, brother to the Scythian king..."
- "İskit kralının kardeşi Carthasis tarafından...."
The Macedonian Empire: The Era of Warfare Under Philip II and Alexander the ...: James R. Ashley

2 -) "... whose name was Carthasis..."
- " ..adı Carthasis olan..."
The History of Alexander : Quintus Curtius Rufus

3- Quintus Curtius'un İskender kitabının 36.sayfasında da aynı ifade vardır." İskit kralı kardeşi Carlofis ..." ( eski bir baskı; s yerine f kullanıyorlardı, yani Carthasis) 
"

The king of those Scythians whose empire lies beyond the Tanais, lookin on the new built town as a yoke the Macedonians had put about their neeks, sent his borther Carlosis with a great body of horse...."

Büyük İskender , İskit kralı ve Kardeşi

Almanca kaynak: Die Türken und das Osmanische Reich-Eugen Oberhummer book:

 * * *

Quintus Curtius 'in " İskender " kitabında :

İskender Makedonya'dan çıktıktan sonra 328 lerde Semerkant civarında bir yere gelir ve Sakaların komutanı kendisini karşılar. Komutan kendisine şöyle der ;

'' Buraya dost olarak geldiyseniz mesele yok, sizi ağırlamaktan şeref duyarız. Yok düşman olarak geldiyseniz , unutmayın ki biz sizinle Tuna'da hemhududuz."

İskitler ,Sakalar veya Divan-ı Lügati Türk'te, İskender'in karşılaştığı Chou'lar , hepsi aynı millet . Buradan da şuraya varıyoruz, demek ki M.Ö.7 .yy'da Zeki Veli Togan'ın dediği gibi Macaristan ovalarından Çin sınırına kadar uzanan yekpare bir Türk İmparatorluğu var.

Prof.Dr.Dursun Yıldırım
Hacettepe Üniv.Öğr.Üyesi
Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Ens.Başkanı




Scythians in the east are called Saka:
on the border nearby Samarkand, Alexander the Great meet the Saka King:

"Besides, you have no occasion for friends, of whose benevolence you doubt. Now in us you will have incorrubtible guardians both of Asia and Europe : there is only the Tanais between us and Bactria , and beyond the Tanais, we extend our selves as far as Thrace, and Thrace is said to border upon Macedonia. Thus, you see we are your neighbours in both your empires, consider therefore, whether you will have us for your friends, or your enemies."


*Quintus Curtius - His History of the Wars of Alexander, vol 2 (1714) 
Translated by John Digby, book:



" In the 7th c BC, there was a Turkish Empire, with different names, from China to the Hungary plateau..."

//Scythians and Saka speaks Turkish.

//Scythians and Saka are the Turks.

ALL TURKISH PEOPLES, UIGHURS, KÖK-TURKS,OTTOMAN TURKS, BELONG TO THAT CENTRAL GROUP OF EURASIAN HUMANITY WHICH WE ARE CALLING "SCYHTIAN": link

"Not a single Greek, Latin (Roman), Byzantine, Arab, or Persian author ever claimed that the Scythians spoke Persian (Iranian) language, although many of these writers have stressed the finest details of their everyday life, culture, beliefs, customs, and habits.

Especially important is the fact that Herodotus, whose information is routinely used by the Scythologists, was a native of the Asia Minor city of Halicarnassus, in one of the ancient Persian satrapies, he could not fail to distinguish the Persian (Iranian) vernaculars from the others, especially since he visited Persia and not once met Iranians outside of Persia.

However, Herodotus never says anywhere that the language of the Scythians was Persian or Persian-like. He writes that the Scythians and Sauromates are related tribes, close in way of life and language, but cites very little information on their language, but even that limited information, as we shall see below, confirms the paradigm about the Türkic-linguality of the Scythians."


Scythians, Balkars, and Ossetians
K.Laipanov, I.Miziev

Origin of the Türkic peoples

TURAN ETRUSCAN GODDESS

HANGİ MEDENİYET?

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