Siyavuş ile Alp Er Tonga

Siyavuş ile Alp Er Tonga

Ortalarında Strabon'un "Coğrafya"* adlı eserinde "OXUS - OCHUS", yani "OĞUZ" olarak geçen "Ceyhun Nehri".

Alp Er Tonga'nın sancağında Kün

Minyatür 15.yy - Metropolitan Müzesi

*Strabon, kitap 11.7-8

Siyavush and Alp Er Tonga (Afrasiab) 
by the river Oxus (Amudarya), 
15th c. miniature. - Metropolitan Museum

Siyavush, the son of Kay Kavus ran away from home to Turan, and married the Khagan Afrasiyab's daughter Firangiz.

* Turan = Tur, the root word for Turk, - an plural; Turks, Turan / Turkish Land.
* Khagan = Kağan, ety.Tr., also used as male name/surname.
* Afrasiyab = Alp Er Tonga/Tunga, died in 625 BC. King of Sacae (Saka) Turks.
* Alp = brave warrior, hero, ety.Tr., also used as male name.
* Er = Ety.Tr., meaning man, male, soldier.
* Firangiz = -giz in Firangiz ; gız-kız ; meaning girl, ety.Tr.
* Tomyris of 5th BC, Queen of Massagetae (Big Saka) Turks, who behead the Great Cyrus is the granddaughter of Afrasiyab. 
* Tomyris = ety.Tr., Tomars, Tömür, Tomris ; meaning iron, iron coeur. Also used as female name "Tomris".

* Amu Darya River = Ceyhun today.
In the ancient times called as OXUS - OCHUS, which is OGHUZ (OĞUZ), as in OGHUZ TURKS.

"... and towards the Ochus River..." ; 
"...where the Ochus and the Oxus and several other rivers rise..." 
Strabo 11.7-8



There are 24 Oghuz Tribes, and much more sub-tribes.
Five of them : 
Seljuks Empire - İran and Turkey (of Kınık tribe), 
Ottoman Empire - İran, Turkey and Europe (of Kayı tribe), 
Safavids in İran (of Akkoyunlu - Aqqoyunlu - White Sheep Turkomans - tribe)
Afsharids in İran (of Avshar - Avşar - tribe)
Pechenegs in Europe (Peçenek tribe)

Turkey, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Gagauzia, Turks in Syria and Irak are Oghuz Turks, mixed with other Turkish tribes, like Cumans, Kipchaks, Khazars, Huns, etc.


SB

İskitlerden Kalan Toponimler

SİLİS - Jaxartes (Iaxartes)- Yaxart - Sır Derya - Seyhun

OXUS - Amu Derya - Ceyhun

ISSIC - Issicus - İskenderun

"...kingdom from the Massagetae , must be either the Oxus (jihon) or Jaxartes (Sihon)..." Herodotus book 1:202

"...the queen of the Amazons visited Alexander north of the Jaxartes.." Didorus Siculus book 17:77

"...at this region, bounded as it is by the river Jaxartes, by the Scythians known as the Silis, and by Alexander and his officers supposed to have been the Tanais..." Pliny the Elder book 6:18

"...the mouth of the Oxus River..." Strabo book 11:6

"... the Arabian Gulf and the Nile and the Egyptian and Issic Seas..." Strabo book 11:1

"...long time in Syria, was defeated by Severus at the Issic Gulf (which is in Cilicia, where Alexander routed Darius III...)..." Ammianus Marcellinus book 26:8

"...the Amazons (whom the Scythians call Oiorpata , a name signifying in our tongue killers of men..." Herodotus book 4:110


* SİLİS : eytm.Tr., plentiful, pearl
* OXUS : etym.Tr., Turkish tribe Oğuz (Oghuz)
* ISSIC : etym.Tr., heat
* MASSAGETAE : Big Saka/Scythian Turkish tribe.
* AMAZONS : Saka/Scythian Turkish women tribe, in Scythian Turkish: Oiorpata = Oerpata = Er+pata / Men Slayer

Ancient Türkic toponymy - A.I. Bisebaev

Ancient #Turkic toponyms of Sakas and Scythians in the works of classical authors:
"All that implies that Herodotus, like all ancient geographers, understood very vaguely the courses of the eastern rivers (26), but despite that, it is impossible to doubt the names of these rivers (ie, Lik and Irgis), which the ”Father of History transmitted with maximum of phonetic accuracy. Both names of these rivers, together with such toponyms as Ming, Palakent, Barda, Oks, Oxus, Silis, Daiks, Ausakla, Muztag and Altyntag are undoubtedly Türkic. It is possible that the list 
of names will Türkic be appended in the course of further research. But even now, looking at the map where the above toponyms are located , we can see that much of the Sakas and Scythians were Türkic."

İskitlerin "TEMARUNDA" dediği Azak Denizi

Mæotis - (Sea of Azov)

* "Scythian form temarunda(m)"

* "Plinius h. n. VI, 20 sagt, dass der skythische Name der Maeotis Temarunda «mater maris» bedeutet..."

* "... The first of these are the Sauromatæ Gynæcocratumeni, the husbands of the Amazons. Next to them are the Ævazæ, the Coitæ, the Cicimeni, the Messeniani, the Costobocci, the Choatræ, the Zigæ, the Dandarii, the Thyssagetæ, and the Iyrcæ, as far as certain rugged deserts and densely wooded vallies, beyond which again are the Arimphæi, who extend as far as the Riphæan Mountains. The Scythians call the river Tanais by the name of Silis, and the Mæotis the Temarunda, meaning the "mother of the sea." ... Pliny the Elder, book 6:7 

* Temarunda "Denizin Anası" olarak açıklanıyor... Ama,

TEMAR - TAMAR - DAMAR - DEMİR - TİMUR

"Antik adı Maeotis olan denizin şimdiki adı Türk soylu kavimlerden gelir. Yükseltinin az olduğu düz ve alçak kıyılara sahip Kıpçak dilinde alçak topraklar anlamındadır. Rus halk söylencelerine göre ise Azak ismi Asuf/Azum isimli bir Kuman prensinden gelir." diye bir açıklama da var, ama kaynağını bulamadım....

Iyrcæ = The more common reading is "Tureæ" a tribe also mentioned by Mela, and which gave name to modern Turkistan.
Arimphæi = Argippaei , Hyperborei = Avar Turks.
Thyssagetæ = (Massa)Gatae = Saka/Scythians = today Bashkirt Turks

Iyrcæ = Turcae = Turca = Turk

Scythians = Turks

#Scythians spoke #Turkish !..

History of  #Turks... 

EK:

Venedik - Sile (Sele) Nehri'nin eski adı Silis iken, MÖ.1.yy'da kurulan Altınum şehri de nehrin ağzında yer alıyor. Bir zamanlar zengin olan bu şehir, 452 deki Hun saldırılarıyla terkedilmiş.

Link / Link

"ALTI´NUM (Ἄλτινον; Altino), a city of Venetia situated on the border of the lagunes, and on the right bank of the little river Silis (Sele) near its mouth."

kaynaklar: 

* Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) - William Smith, LLD, Ed.
* Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898) - Harry Thurston Peck

Burada da "Silis" adına rastgeldik. "Altınum" acaba "Altun"dan mı geliyor?... Çünkü, onlar Altinum kelimesinin kökenini/etimolojini bilmiyor !...

ALTUN - ALTIN ; Kül Tigin Anıtı : 

"Bir tümen agi altun kümüş kergeksiz kelürti. 

[On binlik hazine, altın, gümüş fazla fazla getirdi.]" 

İtalya'nın kuzeyine yerleşen ve Türkçe konuşan 

"Kimmer-İskit-Etrüskler" 

SB.

Ancient Turkic Toponyms of the Middle Asia

A Scythian-Turk Warrior 

from Oxus (Oghuz) Treasure, 5th-4th c BC

Toponymic science firmly learned that territory of this or that people both in the present, and in the past can be determined with the help of toponymic areals. Toponyms are an extremely valuable source, a kind of “language of the land”, it gives frequently more for the solution of ethnogenetical problems than tens of fortresses or burials, than the inadequate and confused testimony of ancient and medieval authors, than studies of revered researchers. 


In the “language of the land” the ancient natives of territory had left stronger historical trace than great commanders who chiseled stone inscriptions. ‘‘Language of the land’‘ does not allow falsification. Geographical names are a type of documentary source inherently similar to archeological materials not dated and not deformed by time. 


However, archeological monuments are unfortunately mute: disclosing the material culture and even social relations of the past, they are silent about the languages of the founders of these cultures.


Like archeology, toponyms have a number of layers belonging to different periods of time. Determining the language of ancient names is not an easy task. A historian studying historical toponyms should treat with care the results of works of even recognized authorities in the linguistics, and should involve whenever possible all complex of the available historical and geographical data . 


Many place names recorded in the sources as Greco-Roman and Chinese names in the base have Eastern Iranian or Türkic origin. The toponyms given in the Chinese sources usually are calques or equivalents of the local Türkic or Iranian-lingual names . Precise etymologizing of these names demands from researcher even greater scrupulousness and all-round analysis.


Any place name exists not only from the moment of its recording in the sources. Hundreds, and maybe thousands years before the recording it could have been in the oral speech. Besides, far from all ancient toponyms were recorded in the written sources. One of the most ancient toponyms are the names of Iranian origin that survived in the territory of the Middle Asia 1* everywhere, both in the Turan plains, and in the Pamir mountains, but much less of them are in the mountain the areas of the Inner Tian-Shan, in the Jeti-su and the steppe areas of Kazakhstan. However, it is impossible to assert that the Iranian names are the most ancient in the region . 


There is a number of toponyms that can’t be positively attributed to establish their linguistic association 2*. In the southern zone of the northern hemisphere the initial toponyms began forming tens of thousand years ago . Is not also entirely true that only Iranists-Islamists are studying the historical geography of the Early Islamic period in the Middle Asia.


1* Under the term ‘‘Middle Asia’‘ we mean territory of the natural physical geographical Turkestan region limited in the west by the east the bank of Caspian Sea, in the north including Aral-Irtysh watershed, in the east - Tian-Shan, Pamir and Alai mountains, and in the south - Hindukush and Kopet Dagh mountains. In politico-administrative relation this term includes Uzbekistan, Tadjikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, northern part of Afghanistan and a southern part of Kazakhstan.

2* Among these are Bukhara, Samarkand, Amul, Khiva, etc.


Certainly, the toponymy is, first of all, a linguistic science. However it does not belong to the linguists only. Etymologizing toponyms, alongside with the linguistic analysis, requires a study of the history, areal geography, and also specifics of the vision of localities and geographical conditions by the native speaking people. Solely linguistic approach, without taking into account historical and geographical data not always results in reliable ethymology. And in antiquity, and Middle Ages, like today, the toponyms was a research object of not only linguists, but also historians and geographers.


The materials of archeologicalal results do not allow to connect directly the Middle Asian civilization that arose in the 1st millenium BC with the cultures of the Bronze Age in same territory. The most ancient Pre-Indo-Iranian cultures in the Middle Asian interfluvial could be created by a traibal society and not necessarily connected with more complex forms of the social structure. It is known that since the 5th-4th milleniums BC, settled agricultural-cattle breeding communities with rudimentary proto-city cultures developed in the south of the Middle Asia, i. e. long before the coming of the Indoarian tribes.


Who were the founders of these most ancient cultures of the Middle Asia is not established till now. Supposedly, before the Indoarian occupation of the Middle Asia in the middle or the second half of the 2nd millenium BC, its southern areas were peopled by carriers of the Dravidian language. It is known that Dravidizms make a significant part of the Sanskrit dictionary.


The newest toponymic and linguistic research allow to posit that in the 2nd millenium BC carriers of the Dravidian languages were in immediate contact with the carriers of proto-Türkic languages, however their connections were severed by the invasion of the Indoarian newcomers . In some Türkic languages in the European part of Russia (Bulgarian, Khazarian, Chuvash), Siberia (Yakut) and the Far East survived the traces of the proto-Türkic language widespread in the most ancient times in the southern part of the Middle Asia. These relicts point to the presence in the remote past of the ancestors of the carriers of these languages in the south of the Middle Asia, and to their subsequent migration to the north. These linguistic data can be compared with some data of the arheological studies that found cattle breeding tribes in the middle of 2nd millenium BC, the ancestors of carriers of the Karasuk cultures in the Minusinsk depression, who came there from the Middle Asian steppes.


The Türkic languages retained numerous traces of the most ancient linguistic layer, common for Middle Asia and Caucasus going back to the primitive-communal system epoch. These traces retained in those parts of the speech which belongs to the basic linguistic fund of the language (for example, the names for parts of human body) and as a rule are not borrowed from other languages. In the linguistic literature the most ancient forms of the Türkic languages are called to proto-Türkic, their carriers are called pra-Türks, and the history of these languages is closely connected with the family of so-called paleo-Asian and Enisei languages. Paleo-Asian and Enisei languages, according to toponyms, before the end of the 1st millenium BC covered a significant part of the Middle Asian territory, and most actively participated in the formation of the nucleus of the Altaian-Hunnish people conglomerate.


According to another linguistic theory, the carriers of the so-called ‘‘proto-Tokhar’‘ language, a most ancient of all Indo-European languages, in the 2nd millenium BC crossed the Middle Asian territory on the way from the Near East to the Eastern Turkestan, and contacted there with the carriers of the early proto-Türkic, proto-Ugrian, and Enisei languages. Plausibly, the interaction was long enough, and probably brought bi-linguality between the contacting groups of the population. This linguistic theory recently found convincing confirmation in archeological materials.


The names of Türkic origin spread in the territory of the Middle Asia from the extreme antiquity constituted a significant part of the medieval names, and continue to be an overwhelming part of the modern toponyms in this region. During early Middle Ages epoch they were a second in number after the toponyms of the Eastern Iranian origins, and in the Middle Ages they constituted the most powerful toponymsc layer in the Middle Asia. Only in the territory of the modern Kyrgyzstan were located about 300 ancient place names known in the historical sources since antique time and till the 12th century. 


The Türkic lexical contribution is recorded in many languages of Europe and Asia, including toponyms. Therefore the etymological study of toponyms in this huge region, like in the Middle Asia, requires application of the Türkic linguistic sphere. In the Balkans, and in the Eastern Europe, many geographical objects and settlements had parallel Türkic names. The same also applies to the Middle Asia, where many cities and settlements had two names, Sogdian and Türkic, and some geographical objects had only one, Türkic name.


The beginning of the active formation of the Western Iranian (Persian) toponyms in the Middle Asian territory was the period of the Arab conquest. At that particular time came into use new Persian topoformants, -dekh and -abad with a meaning of ‘‘settlement’‘, together with the New Persian language (Farsi) of the Western Iranian origin they spread in the Middle Asia. During that time in the Middle Asia appeared toponyms with the Western Iranian topoformants -an , -kird (-gird, - djird), - diza (-diz) , -rud and -stan (-istan). The actual Arabic elements in toponyms are insignificant and are mainly found in the south of Uzbekistan and in the Zarafshan valley. The beginning of the Persian penetration into the Middle Asia can be taken as 21/642, when the Sasanid army suffered a defeat from the Arabs at Nihavand, and the Persians had to flee across the Amu Darya.


In the last decades, because of intensive development of the archeological, numismatic, historical, linguistical and source, and accumulation of huge amount of materials across the Middle Asia, the historical geography also received a big boost, including in the toponymic science. Today, a time has already came for complex studies using mass of information from the various historical disciplines.


Many (but far from all) works of the Middle Asia philologists in the area of etymological studies suffer weak argumentation because of insufficient source base and scientific literature. On the other hand, many European researchers also can be accused in biased views and unwillingness to consider opposite opinions. A. Z. Validi Togan wrote that according to the obsolete views, Bartold and Tomashek stipulated that during pre-Mongolian period in the Maverannahr were no Türks that transitioned to cultural life. For that reason by all means they tried to read Türkic names in Maverannahr only in Sogdian and Persian. Research of historical toponyms should evaluate all available data, including the works of the Middle Asian philologists who, as local residents, can analyze not only the data of the historical linguistics, but also many other factors, such as landscape and local features, folk legends, and idiosyncratic view of the territorial history by the local population.

TURAN - TURKS

The most ancient of all names of the Middle Asian region is "Turan", with the root of ethnonym Tur, a general tribal name of the ancient nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples of the Middle Asia. In beginning of the 1st millennium BC the Turs were a large military and political association antagonistic to the agricultural oases of Iran. This ethnonym, for the first time recorded in the "Avesta", subsequently became a root in the toponym Turan, mentioned in the ancient Iranian mythology [Firdousi] and Middle Persian religious and historical literature and documents , and also in medieval Persian, Arabo-Muslim and local Middle Asian historical and geographical literature.


The epoch of the Sasanid king Shapur I (ruled in 242-272) the name Turistan came into use among the Persians, it gained distributed alongside with the name Turan and had identical meaning the “country of Turs”. The ruler of that country is Sacan-shah, i. e. “Saka King”. On the Sasanid seals of the 3rd-4th centuries alongside with the names Turan and Turistan also appears the name Turgistan as their equivalent. Later, during the Ephtalite (5th century) and Türkic (6th-8th centuries) epochs, it transformed into the present form "Turkistan" (or Turkestan), which means “country of Türks”. The toponym Turan (trgn) is recorded on the Khoresm coins of the early Kushan and Early Middle Ages time. The name Turkestan, i. e. the “country of Türks”, in the perception of the ancient Iranians geographically covered the territory of the basins of the rivers Amu Darya, Syr-Darya and Tarim.


The equivalence of the ethnonyms Tur and Turk (Türk), like that of the toponyms Turan and Turkestan, first of all took place in the Iranian-lingual historical-geographical tradition of the pre-Islam and Islamic time , and then in the Arabo-Muslim and Middle Asian literature. The ancient Iranians called Turs first of all the Middle Asian Türks, and also the Türkic-lingual Sakas and Huns. From the 6th-7th centuries the Turan geography assumes quite real borders, which coincide with the borders of the Türkic Kaganate, and include the lands located south from the Amu Darya. In the "Shahname" the city Samangan is called “possession of the Türkic Kagan”.


In the 11th century the Türkic authors identified the legendary king Afrasiab of Turan with the legendary Türkic Hakan Alp Er Tonga. The name Alp Er is mentioned in the ancient Türkic runiform inscriptions from the Altai mountain. The fate of the Chionite king Ardjasp, described in the Parthian epos “Ayatkar Zareran”, coincides with the Türkic legend about the Türkic ancestor Ashina. The ethnonym Turk or Türk is a two-element (Tur-k) composition, where the second element "-k" is an affix of collective plural, and as a whole this word is the Türkic form semantically equal to the Iranian Tur-an.

MAVERANNAHR - AMU DARYA - OXUS - OGHUZ (OĞUZ)

The name ‘‘Maverannahr’‘ (Ma vara'an-nahr), which in the Arabic means ‘‘that behind the river’‘. Under the name ‘‘that behind the river’‘ (Ma vara'an-nahr) the Arabs meant the country of settled Türks in the Middle Asia.


The term ‘‘Maverannahr’‘ for the first time is found in the hadises about the prophet Muhammad, it probably was spread among the Arabs still in the pre-Islamic time, when it was understood as the lands located northeast from the Sasanid Iran. The Arabs who were making their first campaigns against these lands distinguished two concepts, ‘‘Ma duna-n-nahr’‘, which means ‘‘that in front of the river’‘ and ‘‘Ma vara'an-nahr’‘which means ‘‘that behind the river’‘ where under the ‘‘river’‘ in this case was meant Amu Darya. 


The largest river in the Middle Asia, Amu Darya, mentioned in the ‘‘Avesta’‘, was called Vahvi Daitya, the ancient Greeks called it Oxus and identified it with the name of the river Vakhsh. The Türks simply called it Okuz, i. e. ‘‘river’‘ because the ancient Türks called any big river okuz, and this word also has a second meaning ‘‘bull’‘.


The initial names of the rivers “water” in the mythological vision was connected with various images of tribal animals, and first of all with the totems. Supposedly, the ancient Greeks encountered the name Okuz and transformed it into Oks (Oxus) or Akes. The population of the Middle Asia untill the 17th century. called Amu Darya Asaf-Okuz or simply Okuz.


On the Catalan map composed in the 1375 from the information of the eyewitnesses, is shown a city Ogus, located near the mouth of the river Amo (i. e. Amu Darya). On the 1562 map of Antonio Djenkinson the lower course of the Amu Darya running into the Caspian Sea was called Ugus (Ougus). On some maps of the 16-17th centuries Amu Darya was called Ugus that means ‘‘bull’‘. 


During the Middle Ages, the name Okuz also had the Binakat valley and the city Iki-Okuz located between the deserts Ila and Yafindj. The river near the city Osh in the Fergana valley was called Tavushgan-Okuz. In the Tokuz-Oguz country, the city Irguzkat, with name’s etymology coming from the Türkic Ikki Oguz which means ‘‘between two rivers’‘. On the bank of the Aral Sea is mentioned a mountain Chagyroguz (Djagiragur). In the East Turkestan are mentioned the rivers Ikki-Okuz, Tumushgan-Oguz, Kara- Kash-Okuz, in Mongolia are mentioned Orkun-Uguz, Togla-Uguz and Yar-Uguz. 


This word was also preserved in the the name of the Uzboi (Okuz-Boy) dry channel, which flows into the Caspian Sea, and also in the diminutive form Ozek (Okuz-ak), which is used for the small rivers, in the hydronyms Kok-Ozek, Kyzyl-Ozek, Sary-Ozek (Blue Rivulet, Red Rivulet, Yellow Rivulet - Translator’s Note), etc. . The name of the city Uzkand (Uzgand, Ozd-jand) in the Fergana valley, also is probably formed with the topoformant okuz/uz/oz with the meaning ‘‘river’‘. 




The richest toponyms in the ancient Türkic is connected with the names of mountains, to designate which the ancient Türks used words as tag and art.

TAG. 

The greatest distribution in the Middle Asia have oronims with topoformant -tag (-dag) or-tau (-tuu) based on the ancient Türkic word tag ‘‘mountain’‘. In the modern geographical nomenclature this word is used for designation of separate mountain or a mountain ridge. 


The toponyms belonging this group have been recorded, for the first time, in the ancient Greek sources. 


tr:
"Megabazos bu işlerle uğraşırken, bir başka önemli harket da Libya'ya karşı açılmıştı, önce bazı açıklamalr yapacağım ve nedenini sonra söyleyeceğim. - Brauron'da Atinalıların karılarını kaçıran Pelasglar, Argo gemisi denizcilerinin üçüncü kuşaktan yeğenlerini Lemnos'tan kovmuşlar, onlar de deniz yoluyla Lakedaimon'a gitmişler. Taygetos üzerinde kamp kurmuşlar, ateş yakmışlardı....(Heredot:Müntekim Ökmen,1991)



Herodotus [4. 145] 

"About this very time another great expedition was undertaken against Libya, on a pretext which I will relate when I have premised certain particulars. The descendants of the Argonauts in the third generation, driven out of Lemnos by the Pelasgi who carried off the Athenian women from Brauron, took ship and went to Lacedaemon, where, seating themselves on Mount Taygetum..." 


[....they sailed away to Lacedaemon, and there camped on Teügetum and kindled a fire...link]

[....and sitting down on Mount Taÿgetos they kindled a fire...link]


In the Pehlevi composition ‘‘Shahristanha-i Iran’‘ (Cities of Iran) is mentioned mountain Ek-tag (Golden Mountain) where stood headquarters of the Türkic Kagan. The Byzantine sources are mentioned oronims Ek-tag and Qaz-tag. In the Kyzyl Kum desert are relic mountains Djumurtau with name formed from the ancient Türkic word djumur and topoformant -tau and means ‘‘Round Mountains’‘. In the northern Khoresm is a mountain Kubatau with name formed from the ancient Türkic word cuba and means ‘‘Flat Mountain’‘. To the same category also belongs the oronim Ala, which endured till now in the form Ala-tau.


Among Türkic peoples Tian-Shan mountains were called Tangri-tag, meaning ‘‘heavenly mountains’[Tangri-God-SB]. The Chinese name Tian-Shan also means ‘‘Heavenly mountains’‘ and is a calque of Türkic name Tangri-tag. Sima Quan wrote that Huns called mountains Bai-shan (i. e. Tian-Shan mountains) ‘‘Heavenly’‘, from which follows that Türkic name Tangri-tag was in the use by the ancient Huns. The name Bai-shan, like and Sjue-shan (Snow mountains), Possibly also considered as a calque the local name Karlyk-tag (Snow mountains). The absence of the Iranian calque of name Tangri-tag allows to assume that these mountains were initially known with their Türkic name, from which subsequently was copied the Chinese name Tian-Shan. [Tai Shan -Tai Mountain-SB]



Names of many mountains are connected with mineral deposits. So, in the medieval sources are mentioned such oronims, as Komurtag (Coal mountain), Demur-tag (Iron mountain), Altun-tag (Gold mountain), Altun-kan, Bakyrlyg-tag (Copper mountain), Goshun-dag (Lead mountain), Kumushkan, etc.





ANCIENT TÜRKIC TOPONYMS OF THE MIDDLE ASIA
Professor Mirsodik Ishokov
Editor-in-chief Doctor of Historical Sciences, 
Tashkent, Shark, 2006, to read more:

Also read:

Dyneper River and Turkic Toponyms of Eurasia

*

Difference between Persian, Scythian and Hellen

Scythians were not İranian (Persian) speaking people.

Like in these example, in the 5th century BC their dress is not in Persian-style. Persians don't wear trousers, fur and 

so-called "Phyrgian Hat". This style of dress belongs to nomads, to Scythians and Sacae people, who lives on horses, 

fights on horses, sleeps on horses and dies on horses.

Ancient writers never wrote that they spoke Persian.

"The Royal Scythians were the ancestors of the Türkic speaking peoples." 

(P.I.Karal'kin,1978, a Tuvan ethnographer)

"If the Scythians, Sarmatians and Alans were Ossetian speaking, all Eurasia should have Ossetian toponyms. 

They do not exist, unless artificially (quasi-scientifically) produced. Thus, in all their attributes the Alans were Türkic, 

and took part in the formation of the many Türkic peoples."

Mirfatyh Zakiev

PROBLEMS OF THE HISTORY AND LANGUAGE

Collection of articles on problems of lingohistory, revival and development of the Tatar nation

Kazan, 1995

WHO ARE ALANS?

The Turks tamed the horse and invented the pants

"The only people you would see wearing pants were the ‘barbarians*,’ 

and pants didn't get invented until men tamed the HORSE..."
*barbarians= people who do not speak greek, nomads....

* Sometimes these pantalons were made of the skins of animals ; at others of rich and fine tissues embroidered or painted in sprigs, spots, stripes, cheques, zig-zags, lozenges, or other ornaments. 

*Sometimes they fit tight, at others they hang loose and fall in large wrinkles over the shoes.

* The Classical Greek did not even have a word for ‘trousers’.

* Scythians, Oerpata wear pants

(Scythians called Oerpata; Turkish= Er-Man+Pata-Killer/Slayer * in Greek= Amazons) 

"Pants were invented by the Turks". /link

Fatma Ayan

Lecturer, Faculty of Art and Design,

Department of Fashion Design

2500 years old pants, and the Turkish tamga on these pants.: link

W.Koppers says about the domestication of horse:"the domestication of horse and shepherd culture is connected with the Turks, the success achieved in the history of mankind and had led to excellent results in the development of people and other cultures. As evidenced historical linkages, the conditions for large state basis, only by this tamed horses."

F.Flor says: "Horse is domesticated by Proto-Turks."

W.Schmidt says: "Horse was tamed by the Turks. The Turks are the first people who ride them".

Prof.Dr.Osman Fikri SERTKAYA
ESKİ TÜRK KÜLTÜRÜNDE AT (Horse In Old Turkish Culture)

Chinese chroniclers noted very specifically the nomadic dress, with bashlyk bonnet hat and left-lapel caftan and leather boots and waist belt. No ethnographic description of Brahmins, Iranians, Indians, etc. ever noted bashlyk hats etc., but to these days they are the national dress in Kazakhstan, Bashkiria, and everywhere else where we have ethnographic evidence on the Türkic people or depictions on the Türkic and Scythian balbals. The bashlyks of the modern Russian generals ascend to the Cossack bashlyks that is an inheritance of their Türkic past. The symbology of the nomadic belts is paramount throughout millennia, from the Scythian monuments to the present pastoral Türkic and Mongolic population, although in modern times belt as a tool shack is replaced by automobile trunks. As far as the Indo-Iranians are concerned, on the ancient pictures experts discriminate them from the Türkic people precisely by their distinctly different attire, the depictions of the Scythian and Türkic traditional dress vs. Indo-Iranian are vividly incompatible. Notably, the Türkic attire, together with its terminology, became a typical dress for the Slavic peoples to such a degree that it is rated as inherently Slavic, which in this one ethnological aspect makes Slavs incompatible with the Indo-Arians.

From the first historical records, a sequence of nomadic warriors served as mercenaries under the general names of Scythians, Huns, and Türks. No small or great empire in Eurasia escaped paying tribute to the mounted nomads and enlisting them as mercenaries. The Alexander sarcophagus of the 4th c. BC depicts Greeks fighting Persians, and all “Persians” uniformly wear Scythian (or Kazakh, or Bashkir) bonnet hats and riding boots, the Persians proper are nowhere to be found there; the sarcophagus also depicts a Parthian shot two centuries before the Parthians entered the pages of history. Until the Modern Times, no army of sedentary agricultural states could resist the cavalry armies, and no empire could master a cavalry force compatible with the Scythian, Hunnic, or Türkic armies, or compete with their military aptitude, and that includes the states of Indo-Iranians, Indians, Persians, and the forces of the Brahmans. The continuity of methods, organization, strategic and tactical maneuvers, arms, training, dress, military aptitude, and trustworthiness of the Scythian, Hunnic, and Türkic mercenaries makes them uniquely distinct across time and Eurasian space. There is nothing compatible on the Indo-Iranians serving as eternal mercenaries in the states across Eurasia.

N. Kisamov

Ethnic affiliation of the Scytho-Sarmatians

Oerpata / Amazons with Bashlyk (Başlık=Hat)

The first Horsemen of the World 

(proto-Turkic Botai people R1b: 4th-6th millenium BC)

Pathological characteristics indicate that some Botai horses were bridled and perhaps ridden, and archaeological remains of processed milk indicate that mares were milked *(Outram et al., 2009)*.

Italian emeritus scholar Prof. Dr. Mario Alinei:

"Moreover, overwhelming linguistic evidence, among which most important is the spread of exclusively Turkic loanword related to horse terminology in all languages of Eastern Europe, both Indo-European and Uralic, shows that horse domestication is a fundamental Turkic innovation. It is no accident that the Botai culture is a Khazak culture, belonging to the Turkic-speaking area, and not to the IE-, or Uralic-speaking one! Myths and dogmas are hard to die! (M.A.)"
*source: PCP SCIENTIFIC NEWS: Edited by Mario Alinei, Xaverio Ballester, Francesco Benozzo. 07/12/2009.*/link


another article


"The horse played a key role in the life of nomads. Ever since its domestication nomads have eaten horse meat and drunk mare’s milk – kumyz. Archeological and scientific research have proved that nomads were drinking mare’s milk as early as 7000 years ago, as Kazakhs do even nowadays. So we can say that kumyz has a history going back to the V or VI millennium BC. The English scholar Alan K. Outram from the University of Exeter found traces of mare’s milk on clay vessels belonging to the Botai culture. Dr. Outram said, in an interview, that it was not clear from the research if the breeding of the tamed Botai horses had by then already led to the emergence of a genetically distinct new species. Yet their physical attributes were strikingly different, he added, and this made the animal more useful to people as meat, a source of milk, a beast of burden and for travel. Botai pottery yielded a third strand of evidence. Embedded in the clay pots were residues of carcass fat and fatty acids that “very likely” came from mare’s milk. This “confirms that at least some of the mares of Botai were domesticated,” he concluded. Earlier excavations at Botai sites, conducted by Victor Zaibert of Kokshetau University in Kazakhstan, also unearthed piles of horse bones and settlement remains of a people who hunted and herded wild horses for their meat [1]. 

The recent “Third International Symposium on Bio-molecular Archaeology: Trail of Mare’s Milk Leads to First Tamed Horses” reported on research undertaken by Natalie Stear of the University of Bristol. From residues left on 5,500-year-old Botai potsherds, Stear also identified the hydrogen isotope deuterium, indicating mare’s milk. Since it is impossible to milk a wild mare, these data together with new evidence of harness including bits are a clear indication of early horse domestication and riding at Botai [2, p. 368]. Wietske Prummel, an archeologist from Groningen University is convinced that the taming of horses was different from the domestication of cattle and sheep. Those animals have a gene-pool of closely related animals. “May be because they were, unlike horses, herd animals” suggests Prummel. The oldest proof for the existence of the taming of horses dates back to about 6,000-7,000 years ago. The excavation of a “horse farm” in Kazakhstan, which dated back to about 3500 BC, showed that horses were probably used for milking, too. Bowls were found with residues of lactic-acid, Stear stated, in the De Volkskrant [3, p. 13].


SARBASSOVA, Guldana Aktaevna
Culture Concerned with the Horse as a “Prism” of the Kazakhs’ National Heritage
Journal of Eurasian, 2009/PDF

So, Turks did drink Mare's Milk sinds the beginning of taming and domestication of the Horse. and ...

"The first Indo-Germans owe the Ancient Turks for the domesticated horse and shepherd culture."

Prof.Dr.Sabir Rüstemhanlı - Azerbaijan

Turanians - Koumiss and Dolmens / link

From Scythians to Turks, Horse Culture and Koumiss

İSKİTLERDEN TÜRKLERE AT KÜLTÜRÜ VE KIMIZ

Shaman - Koumiss - Deer Mask

ŞAMAN - KIMIZ - GEYİK DONUNA BÜRÜNME

An article from 1893

Early History of Butter.

Butter, which is almost indispensable to the meal nowadays, was formerly used solely as an ointment. Herodotus, is tho first writer who mentions butter, 500 years before Christ. The Spartans treated it very much the same as we do cold cream or vaseline, and Plutarch tells how a hostess was sickened at the sight of one of her visitors, a Spartan, who was saturated in butter. The Scythians showed the Romans how to make it. But the latter did not use it for food ; they, like the Spartans, annointed their bodies with it. (May 1893)

This article also say that the; "Mankind seems to have made early discovery of the means of making butter. There is mention of it in the book of Genesis", but, in the 5th c BC Herodotus describe the method of production among the Scythians, and there was no word for it among Hellens.

Mesopotamia were also Turkish people lived - as Subar/Suvar, Turukku people: Sumerian language similar with Turkish: Turkish influence on Akkadian language : and the old Testament (Torah; the word is Turkish of etymology: Töre = custom, morals) was completed in the 5th c BC with Hebrew alphabet, which contains many things from Sumerian, like literature, traditions and culture....So.... 

SB

KNOT iN HORSE TAiLS / link

English Race Horse ancestor is Turkish Horse

İNGİLİZ YARIŞ ATLARININ ATASI TÜRK ATI / link

Saka Turks - Disc with Hunting Scene - Knot in Tail

İskit/Saka Türkleri - Av sahneli Disk - Atların kuyrukları düğümlü

from Oxus treasure / Oxus name comes from Oghuz Turks, today Amudarya River

Amu Derya ya da diğer adıyla Oğuz (Oxus) hazinesinden

Oseberg Kurgan / link

Horse with knoted tail

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Turkish Directions and Color System / Türklerde Yön ve Renkler

Kara Deniz - Black Sea

Ak Deniz - White Sea ; Mediterranean

Kızıl Deniz - Red Sea

Gök Deniz - Sky Sea or Blue Sea

In old Turkish direction system, geographical directions were indicated by colors.

* Black Snake-Black Tortoise Constellation; placed in North - color Black

* Red magpie in Turkish but called as Vermilion Bird constellated; placed in South - color Red

* White Panther/Leopard in Turkish, but called as White Tiger constellation; placed in West - color White

* Sky Dragon in Turkish, but called as Azure Dragon; placed in East - color Sky Blue

So the first Turks were located between 

* Black Sea (Karadeniz - Kara=Black ; deniz=sea) in the North - BLACK,

* Red Sea (Kızıldeniz - Kızıl=Red ; deniz=sea) in the South - RED,

* Mediterranean Sea (Akdeniz - Ak=White ; deniz=sea) in the West - WHİTE

* Caspian Sea (Gökdeniz ;or later Hazar Denizi because of the Hazar / Khazar 

Turks who lived there ; Gök = Heaven, Sky ; deniz=sea) in the East - SKY BLUE

has been named by our ancestors.

"Directions-Colors in Turkish Culture" info by Prof.DrFirudin Celilov

Trans.in English by Semra Bayraktar

NOTE:

It is also called as Chinese constellations which was developed in the 5th c BC, but remember, that there was many Turks in Central Asia and China, like the Great Huns Turks (Xiongnu) led by Mete (Mao-tun).

The Chinese started building their Great Wall to defend themselves against the Hun Turks in the 4th-3th c BC !..

Attila the Hun in Europe and Mete the Hun in Central Asia are related with blood and tribe.

Although the Chinese may have been earlier mutual influence, suggested by parallels to ancient Babylonian astronomy... And again, there was many Turkish tribes like Subar, Turukku, Kut, Saka in Mesopotamia and in the Middle East....immigrated to all directions between 4000-2000 BC....

If we can say, that there was a Turkish language influence on Akkadian language....We can also say; Cultural Influence....;)

İSKENDERUN - ISSIKOS - TÜRKİYE

ESİK / ISSYK - ORTA ASYA

"Bilindiği gibi halklar muhaceret etmişlerse, gittikleri yeni topraklara eski yurtlarındaki coğrafi adların bazılarını taşırlar.  Orta Asya'daki Issık-Göl'ün adının eski çağlarda İskenderun Körfezi'nin İssikos Denizi (Strabon) şeklinde görülmesi, insanın aklına ister istemez böyle bir ihtimali getirmektedir." 

D.Ahsen Batur / Kürdoloji Yalanları kitabından

....Aleksandros ile Dareios arasındaki mücadele burada olmuştur ve koy İSSİKOS Körfezi olarak adlandırılır... 

Strabon:XV;19

İhtimal değildir, Doğru bir tespittir.

"Türkler ilk kez 11.yy'da geldi" lafı daha birçok belgelerle çürütülmüştür. Biz hep buradaydık.

SB

 ...It was here that the struggle between Alexander and Dareius occurred; and the gulf is called the Issic Gulf. .... 

Strabo:XV;19:

ISSIKOS is TURKiSH

People who immigrate to anotherland take the geographical names with them. So if Strabo writes about ISSIC GULF (today's iskenderun gulf) 2000 years ago, that means with no doubt; 

"The Turks were already here, and did not come in the 11th c AD for the first time."

OCHUS - OXUS - AMUDARYA - CEYHUN RIVER

The name comes from 

OGHUZ TURKS - OĞUZ TÜRKLERİ - OĞUZLAR

"As one proceeds from the Hyrcanian Sea towards the east, one sees on the right the mountains that extend as far as the Indian Sea, which by the Greeks are named the Taurus. Beginning at Pamphylia and Cilicia they extend thus far in a continuous line from the west and bear various different names. In the northerly parts of the range dwell first the Gelae and Cadusii and Amardi, as I have said, and certain of the Hyrcanians, and after them the tribe of the Parthians and that of the Margianians and the Arians; and then comes the desert which is separated from Hyrcania by the Sarnius River as one goes eastwards and towards the Ochus River. "

STRABO GEOGRAPHY Book XI, Chapter 8

"From the same Indian mountains, where the Ochus and the Oxus and several other rivers rise, flows also the Iaxartes, which, like those rivers, empties into the Caspian Sea and is the most northerly of them all."

STRABO GEOGRAPHY Book XI, Chapter 7

"Japon yazarı Fuyumi Ono paralel dünyadan bəhs edən “Oniki krallıq” romanında bu türk boya sistemininə əsaslanmışdır"

"Japanese writer Fuyumi Ono, used this Turkish direction system in her book "Twelve Kingdom"" - Prof.Dr.F.Celilov

"Bu bədizlər yıllar önce yazdığım "Türk Atayurdu renglerin dilinde" adlı makaledendir"

"These are from the article "Turkish motherlands collers" I wrote, years ago"

Prof.Dr.Firudin Ağasıoğlu Celilov

The Hun Turks / Gokturks (Kokturks) ; Uigur Turks - Colors/Directions

"Hun Türkleri ordularını dünya anlayış ve tasavvurlarına uygun bir şekilde düzenlemişlerdir. Zira, Türklerin düşünce ve tasavvurlarında, dünya dört köşe (bucak) idi. Dört köşe olarak düşünülen dünyanın merkezinde ise, Türk hükümdarı bulunuyordu. Hükümdarın altında da, yine dört yönü temsil eden dört büyük memuriyet yer almakta idi." (*)

Prof. Dr. Salim Koca

(*) De Groot, a.g.e., s. 55 vd.; M. Mori, a.g.m., s. 213; Koca, a.g.e., s86. Türklerde sadece ordu birliklerinin atları değil, şahıslara ait mallar da birbirinden belirli renklerle ayrılmaktaydı. Mesela Uygurlar, at sürülerini birbirinden renklerine göre ayırt ediyorlardı. Başka bir deyişle Uygurlarda her boy kendine has renkte at yetiştirmekteydi. 

(Ö. İzgi, Çin Elçisi Wang-Yen-Te’nin Uygur Seyahatnamesi, Ankara 1989, s. 65). 

Ayrıca, Oğuz Türklerinde de aynı anlayış hakimdi. Özellikle Oğuzların “Alayundlu” (yund=at) boyu, 

sadece ala atlar beslemekteydiler. Bundan dolayı bu Oğuz boyu Alayundlu adıyla anılmıştır.

devamı için link:

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